Fig. 5: Framework of long-term sequelae, risk factors, and prevention and intervention strategies for long COVID-19.

Potential risk facotrs were categorized into three groups: the pre-illness group included age, sex and pre-existind conditions; the acute illness stage group included severity of illness, hospital length and abnormal objective tests during hospitalization; the convalescent stage included access to oxygen supplementation, abnormal objective tests during follow up and perception of stigma from community.