Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics of the study population.

From: Cerebrospinal fluid proteomic study of two bipolar disorder cohorts

 

SBP-S

 

SBP-G

 
 

Patients (N = 134)

Controls (N = 89)

p

Patients (N = 70)

Controls (N = 55)

p

Demographics

Male sex

53 (40%)

41 (46%)

0.335a

25 (36%)

25 (45%)

0.270a

Age, years

35.5 (29.0, 50.8)

36.0 (28.0, 47.0)

0.500b

38.5 (29.2, 49.0)

45.0 (32.0, 52.0)

0.077b

BMI

24.8 (22.2, 27.7)d

23.4 (21.6, 25.5)

0.006b

25.0 (23.0, 28.4)

25.0 (22.2, 26.7)

0.178b

Nicotine use

57 (47%)e

21 (24%)

<0.001a

30 (45%)f

14 (25%)

0.027a

CSF/serum albumin ratio

5.2 (4.2, 6.6)

4.8 (3.7, 6.0)d

0.015b

4.7 (3.7, 6.5)

4.6 (3.5, 5.5)

0.474b

Patient clinical characteristics

BD subtypes:

     

0.119a

BD 1

65 (49%)

  

27 (39%)

  

BD 2

51 (38%)

  

37 (53%)

  

BD spectrumc

18 (13%)

  

6 (9%)

  

Duration of illness, years

16 (9, 27)h

  

18 (11, 30)f

 

0.204b

Total lifetime mood episodes:

11 (6, 23)g

  

25 (12, 38)f

 

<0.001b

Depressive episodes

4 (3, 10)g

  

10 (5, 15)f

 

<0.001b

(Hypo)manic episodes

4 (2, 10)h

  

10 (4, 20)f

 

<0.001b

Mixed episodes

0 (0, 0)h

  

0 (0, 10)f

 

<0.001b

Ever psychotic

67 (52%)

  

17 (25%)

 

<0.001a

Any suicide attempt or self-harm

54 (42%)

  

25 (37%)

 

0.510a

CGI lifetime

4 (4, 5)i

  

4 (4, 5)j

 

0.380b

CGI at interview

2 (2, 4)g

  

4 (2, 5)i

 

<0.001b

GAF-s

68 (60, 71)h

  

60 (55, 65)n

 

<0.001b

GAF-f

68 (70, 71)h

  

59 (55, 65)n

 

<0.001b

MADRS at sampling

4 (1, 11)k

  

3 (1, 9)

 

0.417b

YMRS at sampling

0 (0, 2)l

  

1 (0, 2)

 

0.065b

Comorbidities:

      

Anxiety disorder

20 (15%)i

  

26 (37%)f

 

<0.001a

Personality disorder

3 (2%)g

  

1 (1%)f

 

0.677a

ADHD

9 (7%)m

  

2 (3%)f

 

0.203a

Alcohol abuse

16 (12%)j

  

3 (4%)f

 

0.068a

Substance abuse

6 (5%)j

  

1 (1%)f

 

0.215a

Medications:

      

Lithium

79 (59%)

  

35 (50%)

 

0.221a

Antipsychotics

33 (25%)

  

23 (33%)

 

0.211a

Anticonvulsants

47 (35%)

  

35 (50%)

 

0.039a

Antidepressants

63 (47%)

  

35 (50%)

 

0.685a

  1. Data shown is median value with interquartile range in brackets, or number of individuals with percentage in brackets.
  2. p-values smaller than 0.05 are shown in bold.
  3. ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, BD bipolar disorder, BMI body mass index, CGI Clinical Global Impression rating scale, GAF Global Assessment of Functioning scale divided into functional level (GAF-f) and symptom severity (GAF-s), MADRS Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, SBP-G St. Göran bipolar project Gothenburg, SBP-S St. Göran bipolar project Stockholm, YMRS Young Mania Rating Scale.
  4. aPearson’s Chi-squared test. bKruskal–Wallis rank sum test.
  5. cBD spectrum groups consisted of 2/2 patients with cyclothymia, 6/1patients with mania/hypomania due to antidepressant drug treatment, 0/1 patients with recurrent depression in persons with hyperthymic temperament, 1/1 patients with recurrent depressions that are admixed with dysphoric hypomania, 2/0 patients with schizoaffective disorder bipolar type, and 7/1 patients with bipolar disorder not otherwise specified in SBP-S/SBP-G.
  6. dData missing for one individual. eData missing for 12 individuals. fData missing for three individuals. gData missing for seven individuals. hData missing for five individuals. iData missing for six individuals. jData missing for eight individuals. kData missing for 22 individuals. lData missing for 26 individuals. mData missing for ten individuals. nData missing for four individuals.
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