Table 1 Sample characteristics.
Variable | Overall (N = 2050) |
|---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics (COVID-19 w1) | |
Age | |
Mean (SD) | 75.15 (6.51) |
Range | 64.00–99.00 |
Sex | |
Males | 702 (34.2%) |
Females | 1 348 (65.8%) |
Living alone | |
Missing | 6 (0.3%) |
No | 1432 (70.1%) |
Yes | 612 (29.9%) |
Has partner | |
Yes | 1348 (65.8%) |
No | 702 (34.2%) |
Wealth tertiles | |
Missing | 4 (0.2%) |
High | 682 (33.3%) |
Medium | 682 (33.3%) |
Low | 682 (33.3%) |
Limiting long-standing illness | |
Yes | 1158 (56.5%) |
No | 892 (43.5%) |
Early-life experiences (Life history interview, w3) | |
Adverse Childhood Experiences | |
0 | 1060 (51.7%) |
1 | 458 (22.3%) |
2+ | 532 (26.0%) |
Childhood socioeconomic adversities | |
Missing | 12 (0.6%) |
Mean (SD) | 0.46 (0.72) |
Range | 0–4 |
Stress-related biomarkers, medications, and lifestyle factors (w6) | |
C-Reactive protein | |
Not high CRP | 1544 (75.3%) |
High CRP | 506 (24.7%) |
Hair cortisol (log) | |
Mean (SD) | 2.13 (1.50) |
Range | −0.73–8.79 |
Anti-inflammatory medication | |
No | 1140 (55.6%) |
Yes | 910 (44.4%) |
Steroids | |
No | 1976 (96.4%) |
Yes | 74 (3.6%) |
BMI | |
Missing | 30 (1.5%) |
Mean (SD) | 28.02 (4.96) |
Range | 15.69–50.36 |
Smoking status | |
Not a current smoker | 1906 (93.0%) |
Current smoker | 144 (7.0%) |
Alcohol consumption1 | |
Missing | 72 (3.5%) |
Mean (SD) | 4.88 (2.12) |
Range | 1.0–8.0 |
Physically active | |
No | 1090 (53.2%) |
Yes | 960 (46.8%) |
Mental health (COVID-19 average) | |
Elevated depressive symptoms (CESD-8 = >4) | |
No | 1788 (87.2%) |
Yes | 262 (12.8%) |
Anxiety (Gad-7 = >10) | |
No | 1936 (94.4%) |
Yes | 114 (5.6%) |
Loneliness | |
Mean (SD) | 5.481 (1.804) |
Range | 3.5–12.0 |
