Table 2 Regression models for the individual and mutually adjusted associations of ACEs, hair cortisol, CRP, and PGS with depression, anxiety, and loneliness.

From: The relationship of adverse childhood experiences, hair cortisol, C-reactive protein, and polygenic susceptibility with older adults’ psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic

Term

Model1

Estimate (OR/b)

Standard error

P value

FDR adjusted p-value

Confidence low

Confidence high

Depression2,3

       

1 ACE4

1

1.817

0.193

0.002

0.014

1.242

2.646

2+ ACEs4

1

2.546

0.175

<0.001

<0.001

1.808

3.593

Total ACEs5

2

1.223

0.050

<0.001

0.001

1.108

1.348

Hair cortisol

1

1.145

0.048

0.005

0.031

1.041

1.256

Hair cortisol

2

1.143

0.050

0.008

0.040

1.034

1.260

High CRP4

1

1.091

0.164

0.597

0.785

0.787

1.499

High CRP4

2

1.045

0.178

0.807

0.867

0.733

1.474

MDD PGS6

1

1.101

0.075

0.199

0.471

0.951

1.277

MDD PGS6

2

1.065

0.080

0.436

0.664

0.910

1.248

Anxiety2.3

       

1 ACE4

1

1.787

0.274

0.034

0.128

1.037

3.053

2+ ACEs4

1

1.841

0.249

0.014

0.064

1.131

3.008

Total ACEs5

2

1.141

0.069

0.054

0.170

0.993

1.300

Hair cortisol

1

1.095

0.072

0.209

0.471

0.947

1.256

Hair cortisol

2

1.083

0.076

0.293

0.577

0.930

1.253

High CRP4

1

1.239

0.228

0.348

0.626

0.785

1.921

High CRP4

2

1.130

0.248

0.622

0.785

0.688

1.825

ANX PGS6

1

0.950

0.104

0.621

0.785

0.774

1.165

ANX PGS6

2

0.907

0.113

0.387

0.634

0.726

1.132

Loneliness3

       

1 ACE4

1

−0.02

0.074

0.786

0.857

−0.166

0.125

2+ ACEs4

1

0.279

0.072

<0.001

<0.001

0.138

0.421

Total ACEs5

2

0.094

0.022

<0.001

<0.001

0.051

0.137

Hair cortisol

1

−0.001

0.020

0.963

0.963

−0.040

0.038

Hair cortisol

2

−0.009

0.020

0.666

0.799

−0.047

0.030

High CRP4

1

0.163

0.069

0.019

0.080

0.027

0.299

High CRP4

2

0.149

0.071

0.035

0.128

0.010

0.288

LONE PGS6

1

−0.011

0.030

0.713

0.818

−0.070

0.048

LONE PGS6

2

−0.032

0.030

0.279

0.577

−0.091

0.026

  1. 1 Model 1 refers to the individual associations and model 2 refers to the mutually adjusted associations between exposure and outcome.
  2. 2Odds ratios are presented for anxiety and depression.
  3. 3Covariates included in the models: pre-pandemic psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and loneliness respectively), adult sociodemographic factors (age, gender, partnership status, living alone, wealth tertiles), use of medication (anti-inflammatory/antihypertensive drugs, steroids), childhood socioeconomic factors (overcrowding, number of books in home, financial hardship, parent unemployment), hair characteristics (dyed, colour, season of collection, phase of hair analysis), and genetic population stratification by including 10 principal components.
  4. 4Having 0 ACEs and not having high CRP were the reference categories.
  5. 5The continuous ACEs variable was used for all mutually adjusted regression models, i.e., model 2.
  6. 6MDD PGS, ANX PGS, and LONE PGS are the PGS for depression, anxiety, and loneliness, respectively.
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