Table 4 Mixed effect models of the individual effects and interaction effects of COVID-19 period indicator with ACEs, hair cortisol, CRP, and PGS on depression and loneliness.

From: The relationship of adverse childhood experiences, hair cortisol, C-reactive protein, and polygenic susceptibility with older adults’ psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic

Term

Estimate (OR/b)

Standard error

P value

FDR adjusted p-value

Confidence low

Confidence high

Depression1,2

      

COVID-193

4.94

0.138

<0.001

<0.001

3.78

6.47

1 ACE4

1.55

0.430

0.311

0.466

0.67

3.60

2+ ACEs4

3.79

0.372

<0.001

0.001

1.83

7.85

Cortisol4

0.97

0.136

0.849

0.849

0.75

1.27

CRP4

1.33

0.443

0.521

0.625

0.56

3.17

MDD PGS4,5

1.27

0.222

0.279

0.466

0.82

1.96

COVID*1 ACE

1.31

0.378

0.472

0.529

0.63

2.75

COVID*2+ ACEs

2.09

0.328

0.024

0.049

1.10

3.98

COVID*cortisol

1.84

0.136

<0.001

<0.001

1.41

2.41

COVID*CRP

1.52

0.340

0.216

0.268

0.78

2.97

COVID*MDD PGS5

0.78

0.150

0.098

0.161

0.58

1.05

Loneliness2

      

COVID-193

0.33

0.031

<0.001

<0.001

0.27

0.39

1 ACE4

0.20

0.090

0.027

0.066

0.02

0.37

2+ ACEs4

0.54

0.086

<0.001

<0.001

0.37

0.70

Cortisol4

−0.02

0.024

0.428

0.571

−0.07

0.03

CRP4

0.02

0.084

0.819

0.849

−0.14

0.18

LONE PGS4,5

0.06

0.037

0.114

0.229

−0.01

0.13

COVID*1 ACE

−0.09

0.077

0.220

0.268

−0.25

0.06

COVID*2+ ACEs

0.11

0.074

0.144

0.212

−0.04

0.25

COVID*cortisol

0.01

0.020

0.696

0.725

−0.03

0.05

COVID*CRP

0.23

0.071

0.001

0.003

0.10

0.37

COVID*LONE PGS5

−0.04

0.031

0.196

0.262

−0.10

0.02

  1. 1Odds ratios are presented for depression.
  2. 2Covariates included in the models: adult sociodemographic factors (age, gender, partnership status, living alone, wealth tertiles), use of medication (anti-inflammatory/antihypertensive drugs, steroids), childhood socioeconomic factors (overcrowding, number of books in home, financial hardship, parent unemployment), hair characteristics (dyed, colour, season of collection, phase of hair analysis), and genetic population stratification by including 10 principal components.
  3. 3The COVID-19 variable represents the binary variable of whether data was collected before or during the pandemic and is the value taken from mutually adjusted models (i.e., when ACEs, cortisol, CRP, and PGS are included in one model).
  4. 4For the ACEs, cortisol, CRP, and PGS associations with depression and loneliness, the models presented were the individual models which did not include the interaction effects.
  5. 5MDD PGS and LONE PGS are the PGS for depression and loneliness, respectively.
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