Fig. 4: Downregulation of GSK-3β alleviates the effect of ketamine on developing SPNs. | Molecular Psychiatry

Fig. 4: Downregulation of GSK-3β alleviates the effect of ketamine on developing SPNs.

From: Ketamine impairs growth cone and synaptogenesis in human GABAergic projection neurons via GSK-3β and HDAC6 signaling

Fig. 4

A Schematic of GSK-3β knockdown experiments. B Representative images of SPNs in the vehicle, GSK-3β siRNA, and ketamine-treated groups on Day 26. The boxed region shows each group’s the typical morphology of representative growth cone. Scale bar, 10 μm. C Comparison of the growth cone number (n = 17), percentage of cells with growth cones (n = 10), filopodium number (n = 18) and length (n = 49) in the SPNs of the GSK-3β siRNA group with vehicle and ketamine-treated groups. D Representative dendrites of the vehicle-, GSK-3β-siRNA- and ketamine-treated SPNs on Day 30. Scale bar, 25 μm. E Comparison of the total neurite length (n = 21), number (n = 28), and spine density (n = 14) of SPNs in the GSK-3β-siRNA group and ketamine-treated group. F, G MAP2/GABA and MAP2/Bassoon immunostained images of the vehicle group with drugs and the ketamine-treated group at Day 50. Scale bar, 50 μm. H Comparison of the total neurite length (n = 29), neurite number (n = 27), and synaptic (computed synapse density from dendrites) parameters (n = 45) of SPNs in the vehicle group with drugs or ketamine-treated group at Day 50. Data, mean ± s.e.m. One way ANOVA. *P < 0.05.

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