Table 2 Summary of results showing pooled standardized mean differences (SMD; with Hedges’ g adjustment) between treatment and control arms for laboratory measures of neuropsychological and academic outcomes measured at the first assessment after the final CCT session. Significant values are bolded.
Effect size estimate | Heterogeneity | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | Trials Included | Study N | Total N | SMD | 95%CI | p | I2 | p* |
Neuropsychological | ||||||||
Attention | All | 17 | 836 | 0.14 | −0.04 to 0.32 | 0.13 | 39 | 0.05 |
Semi-active control | 12 | 500 | 0.14 | −0.05 to 0.32 | 0.14 | 6 | 0.38 | |
MED | 6 | 297 | 0.04 | −0.22 to 0.30 | 0.76 | 18 | 0.29 | |
WMT | 9 | 543 | 0.05 | −0.12 to 0.23 | 0.56 | 5 | 0.39 | |
MPT | 6 | 226 | 0.36 | −0.08 to 0.80 | 0.11 | 60 | 0.03 | |
Children/adolescents | 14 | 701 | 0.1 | −0.10 to 0.30 | 0.32 | 36 | 0.11 | |
Adults | 3 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Non-commercially funded | 15 | 765 | 0.08 | −0.08 to 0.23 | 0.33 | 14 | 0.30 | |
Interference Inhibition | All | 8 | 356 | 0.10 | −0.32 to 0.51 | 0.65 | 73 | <0.001 |
Semi-active control | 7 | 289 | 0.12 | −0.38 to 0.61 | 0.65 | 77 | <0.001 | |
MED | 4 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
WMT | 4 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
MPT | 4 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Children/adolescents | 7 | 326 | −0.05 | −0.40 to 0.31 | 0.80 | 61 | 0.02 | |
Adults | 1 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Non-commercially funded | 5 | 242 | 0.13 | −0.38 to 0.64 | 0.61 | 73 | 0.005 | |
Motor Inhibition | All | 15 | 827 | 0.15 | −0.03 to 0.33 | 0.10 | 37 | 0.07 |
Semi-active control | 11 | 533 | 0.24 | 0.05 to 0.43 | 0.01 | 13 | 0.32 | |
MED | 6 | 315 | 0.18 | −0.09 to 0.46 | 0.19 | 30 | 0.21 | |
WMT | 8 | 520 | 0.14 | −0.04 to 0.33 | 0.13 | 13 | 0.33 | |
MPT | 6 | 272 | 0.15 | −0.27 to 0.57 | 0.49 | 65 | 0.01 | |
Children/adolescents | 12 | 692 | 0.18 | −0.02 to 0.39 | 0.08 | 44 | 0.5 | |
Adults | 3 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Non-commercially funded | 14 | 798 | 0.12 | −0.06 to 0.29 | 0.18 | 32 | 0.12 | |
Non-Verbal Reasoning | All | 6 | 312 | 0.05 | −0.17 to 0.28 | 0.63 | 0 | 0.92 |
Semi-active control | 6 | 312 | 0.05 | −0.17 to 0.28 | 0.63 | 0 | 0.92 | |
MED | 3 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
WMT | 5 | 251 | 0.07 | −0.18 to 0.31 | 0.59 | 0 | 0.85 | |
MPT | 1 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Children/adolescents | 5 | 268 | 0.05 | −0.19 to 0.29 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.85 | |
Adults | 1 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Non-commercially funded | 4 | 268 | 0.03 | −0.21 to 0.27 | 0.83 | 0 | 0.91 | |
Processing Speed | All | 8 | 393 | −0.18 | −0.40 to 0.03 | 0.1 | 10 | 0.35 |
Semi-active control | 5 | 166 | −0.33 | −0.73 to 0.06 | 0.1 | 35 | 0.19 | |
MED | 3 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
WMT | 3 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
MPT | 4 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Children/adolescents | 6 | 302 | −0.15 | −0.38 to 0.08 | 0.19 | 0 | 0.73 | |
Adults | 2 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Non-commercially funded | 7 | 364 | −0.16 | −0.40 to 0.07 | 0.17 | 17 | 0.30 | |
Set-Shifting | All | 5 | 247 | 0.22 | −0.09 to 0.53 | 0.17 | 30 | 0.22 |
Semi-active control | 4 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
MED | 4 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
WMT | 2 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
MPT | 2 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Children/adolescents | 4 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Adults | 1 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Non-commercially funded | 0 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Verbal WM | All | 15 | 753 | 0.38 | 0.24 to 0.53 | <0.001 | 19 | 0.24 |
Semi-active control | 12 | 528 | 0.28 | 0.12 to 0.44 | <0.001 | 0 | 0.83 | |
MED | 5 | 253 | 0.31 | 0.05 to 0.57 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.86 | |
WMT | 12 | 624 | 0.43 | 0.26 to 0.60 | <0.001 | 28 | 0.17 | |
MPT | 2 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Children/adolescents | 10 | 547 | 0.31 | 0.16 to 0.45 | <0.001 | 0 | 0.62 | |
Adults | 5 | 206 | 0.49 | 0.13 to 0.84 | 0.007 | 42 | 0.12 | |
Non-commercially funded | 13 | 680 | 0.39 | 0.23 to 0.55 | <0.001 | 25 | 0.19 | |
Visuospatial WM | All | 9 | 441 | 0.49 | 0.31 to 0.67 | <0.001 | 27 | 0.20 |
Active control | 6 | 247 | 0.40 | 0.14 to 0.65 | 0.002 | 38 | 0.16 | |
MED | 3 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
WMT | 7 | 351 | 0.43 | 0.23 to 0.63 | <0.001 | 29 | 0.20 | |
MPT | 2 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Children/adolescents | 6 | 316 | 0.49 | 0.25 to 0.73 | <0.001 | 48 | 0.09 | |
Adults | 3 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Non-commercially funded | 7 | 368 | 0.44 | 0.25 to 0.63 | <0.001 | 29 | 0.91 | |
Academic | ||||||||
Arithmetic ability | All | 9 | 516 | 0 | −0.11 to 0.11 | 0.98 | 0 | 0.73 |
Semi-active control | 5 | 295 | 0.1 | −0.13 to 0.33 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.62 | |
MED | na | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
WMT | 7 | 430 | 0.07 | −0.12 to 0.26 | 0.48 | 0 | 0.81 | |
MPT | na | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Children/adolescents | 8 | 452 | 0.00 | −0.11 to 0.11 | 0.99 | 0 | 0.63 | |
Adults | 1 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Non-commercially funded | 8 | 476 | 0.01 | −0.11 to 0.12 | 0.93 | 0 | 0.65 | |
Reading comprehension | All | 8 | 450 | 0.18 | −0.01 to 0.36 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.43 |
Semi-active control | 6 | 343 | 0.12 | −0.09 to 0.33 | 0.27 | 0 | 0.51 | |
MED | 3 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
WMT | 7 | 414 | 0.14 | −0.05 to 0.34 | 0.15 | 0 | 0.46 | |
MPT | 0 | Na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Children/adolescents | 8 | 450 | 0.18 | −0.01 to 0.36 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.43 | |
Adults | 0 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Non-commercially funded | 7 | 410 | 0.19 | −0.02 to 0.40 | 0.07 | 0.35 | 11 | |
Reading fluency | All | 7 | 445 | 0.03 | −0.06 to 0.11 | 0.55 | 0 | 0.55 |
Semi-active control | 2 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
MED | na | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
WMT | 6 | 395 | 0.05 | −0.15 to 0.25 | 0.59 | 0 | 0.43 | |
MPT | na | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Children/adolescents | 6 | 381 | 0.04 | −0.05 to 0.13 | 0.44 | 0 | 0.58 | |
Adults | 1 | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Non-commercially funded | 6 | 405 | 0.02 | −0.07 to 0.11 | 0.64 | 0 | 0.53 |