Table 1 Studies of synaptic markers in iPSC-derived neuronal cultures from schizophrenia patients relative to healthy controls.

From: The synaptic hypothesis of schizophrenia version III: a master mechanism

Author	Year	n (HC/SCZ)	SCZ genetic/phenotypic variant	Source	Generated cell types	Synaptic marker	Significant differences in synaptic markers seen in schizophrenia relative to control line	Reference
Brennand et al.	2011	4/4	1 with childhood-onset schizophrenia	Fibroblasts	Neurons	Neuronal connectivity	↓	[177]
						Neurite number	↓
						PSD-95 protein levels	↓
						Glutamate receptor expression	↓
Wen et al.	2014	3/1	Frameshift mutation of DISC1	Skin fibroblasts	Forebrain MAP2AB+ neurons	SV2+ puncta density	↓	[178]
Wen et al.	2014	3/1	Frameshift mutation of DISC1	Skin fibroblasts	Forebrain MAP2AB+ neurons	Synaptic vesicle release	↓	[178]
Shao et al.	2019	14/14	Idiopathic	Fibroblasts	Cortical interneurons	Inhibitory synapse density on interneurons	↓	[179]
Shao et al.	2019	14/14	Idiopathic	Fibroblasts	Cortical interneurons	Excitatory synapse density on interneurons	↔	[179]
Sellgren et al.	2019	4/4 (generating neurons); 18/13 generating microglia	Idiopathic	Monocytes	Microglia and neurons	Synapse elimination in neural cultures and synaptosomes	↑	[97]
Sellgren et al.	2019	4/4 (generating neurons); 18/13 generating microglia	Idiopathic	Monocytes	Microglia and neurons	Dendritic spine density in neural lines co-cultured with microglial lines	↓	[97]
Kathuria et al.	2019	9/9	Idiopathic	Fibroblasts	Cortical interneurons; co-cultured with excitatory cortical pyramidal neurons	NLGN2	↓	[180]
						Gephyrin levels	↓
						Synaptic puncta density	↓
Grunwald et al.	2019	3/3	Idiopathic	Skin fibroblasts	Neurons	PSD-95 spot density	↓	[181]
						Colocalised PSD-95 and vGlut	↔
						Neurite length	↓
						Number of synapsin I puncta on glutamatergic neurons	↓
						Number of Homer I puncta on glutamatergic neurons	↓
						Number of synapsin I puncta on GABAergic neurons	↓
						Number of gephyrin puncta on GABAergic neurons	↓
						Number of colocalised pre-synaptic and post-synaptic markers	↓

PSD-95 post-synaptic density protein 95, SV2 synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2, DISC1 disrupted in schizophrenia protein 1, MAP2AB1 microtubule-associated protein 2, PV parvalbumin, VGAT vesicular GABA transporter, Vglut1 vesicular glutamate transporter 1, NLGN2 neuroligin-2, RELN reelin gene.

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Table 1 Studies of synaptic markers in iPSC-derived neuronal cultures from schizophrenia patients relative to healthy controls.

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