Table 1 Descriptive statistics of study participants at baseline (T1) and follow-up (T2) time points.

From: Neural foundation of the diathesis-stress model: longitudinal gray matter volume changes in response to stressful life events in major depressive disorder and healthy controls

 

Baseline (T1)

Follow-up (T2)

HC (n = 392)

MDD (n = 362)

P

HC (n = 392)

MDD (n = 362)

P

Age

34.97 (13.28)

35.47 (12.90)

0.453

37.18 (13.27)**

37.73 (12.92)**

0.413

Sex, n

F = 238, M = 154

F = 230, M = 132

0.425

-

-

-

BMI

24.21 (4.22)

25.65 (17.01)

0.004

24.68 (4.10)

26.49 (5.78)

<0.001

TIV

1533.63 (139.48)

1528.65 (148.99)

0.405

1531.18 (139.80)**

1527.15 (148.33)*

0.437

HAM-D

1.24 (1.84)

8.07 (6.24)

<0.001

1.05 (1.68)*

5.66 (5.45)**

<0.001

GAF

91.65 (7.33)

65.67 (13.66)

<0.001

90.40 (7.84)*

71.78 (13.93)**

<0.001

STAIS

33.76 (8.09)

49.15 (12.24)

<0.001

31.05 (7.84)*

41.51 (12.23)**

<0.001

FSozU/SSQ

4.54 (0.50)

3.82 (0.85)

<0.001

4.58 (0.48)*

4.02 (0.80)**

<0.001

PSS

15.86 (6.99)

28.67 (9.57)

<0.001

16.30 (6.61)

23.75 (8.90)**

<0.001

RS25

142.51 (17.48)

112.46 (24.94)

<0.001

142.51 (16.57)

117.75 (23.32)**

<0.001

RSQ secure, n

264 (67.34%)

89 (24.58%)

<0.001

-

-

-

NEOFFI neuroticism

14.82 (7.20)

28.09 (9.32)

<0.001

-

-

-

First-degree relative with MDD, BD, SCZ, or SZA, n (%)

86 (21.93%)

130 (35.91%)

<0.001

-

-

-

hsCRP, mg/L

1.95 (3.73)

2.63 (5.01)

0.874a

-

-

-

Smoking status, n (%)

36 (9.18%)

73 (20.16%)

<0.001

-

-

-

NSAID, n (%)

0 (0%)

9 (2.48%)

0.002

-

-

-

Remission status

-

a = 145, r = 216

-

-

a = 54, r = 308**

-

Antipsychotics, n (%)

-

60 (16.57%)

-

-

40 (11.04%)*

-

Antidepressants, n (%)

-

215 (59.39%)

-

-

160 (44.19%)**

-

Lithium, n (%)

-

6 (1.65%)

-

-

11 (3.03%)

-

Number of reported SLEs between T1 and T2

-

-

-

11.06 (6.18)

14.01 (7.03)

<0.001

LEQ total events score

-

-

-

20.35 (13.64)

29.36 (17.15)

<0.001

LEQ negative events score

-

-

-

5.57 (6.11)

12.21 (10.97)

<0.001

LEQ positive events score

-

-

-

14.78 (10.45)

17.15 (12.25)

0.017

CTQ

-

-

-

31.51 (7.05)

43.91 (15.04)

<0.001

Interscan interval, days

-

-

-

808.00 (112.03)

810.86 (116.41)

0.247

At least one depressive episode between T1 and T2, n (%)

-

-

-

-

162 (44.75%)

-

Number of depressive episodes between T1 and T2

-

-

-

-

0.70 (0.95)

-

Duration of depressive episodes between T1 and T2 [months]

-

-

-

-

4.92 (6.62)

-

Number of hospitalizations between T1 and T2

-

-

-

-

0.32 (0.77)

-

Duration of hospitalization between T1 and T2 [months]

-

-

-

-

0.98 (2.66)

-

  1. All values are given as mean (SD) unless otherwise specified.
  2. BD bipolar disorder, BMI body mass index, CTQ childhood trauma questionnaire, FSozU/SSQ social support questionnaire, GAF Global Assessment of Functioning, F female, M male, HAM-D Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HC healthy control, hsCRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, LEQ Life Events Questionnaire, MDD major depressive disorder, NEOFFI NEO Five-Factor Inventory questionnaire, NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, PSS Perceived Stress Scale questionnaire, RSQ Relationship Scales Questionnaire, RS25 25-item Resilience Scale, SCZ schizophrenia, SLEs stressful life events, STAI-S State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, SZA schizoaffective disorder, a acute, r partially or fully remitted (according to SCID-I/DSM-IV-TR), n number of participants.
  3. P-values stem from the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test for between-group comparisons, or the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for within-group comparisons
  4. *Significant within-group differences between baseline and follow-up at p < 0.05;
  5. **Significant within-group differences between baseline and follow-up at p < 0.001.
  6. ahs-CRP data was only available for 509 participants (HCs: n = 265; MDD: n = 244).
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