Table 2 Putative pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the association between macroenvironmental factors and brain health.

From: How does the macroenvironment influence brain and behaviour—a review of current status and future perspectives

Mechanism/ Pathway

Associated Macroenvironmental Factors

Inflammation

Air Pollution, Noise Pollution, Heat exposure

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis dysregulation/ Stress response

Noise pollution, Urbanisation, Regional Socioeconomic Factors, Natural spaces

Oxidative stress

Air pollution, Noise pollution, Heat exposure

Circadian rhythm disturbances/ Sleep disturbances

Light Pollution, Noise pollution, Seasonal daylength fluctuations

Attention Restoration

Natural spaces

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