Fig. 4: Investigating pleiotropic genomic loci influencing dyslexia and ADHD.

a Manhattan plot of pleiotropy effect size p-values across SNPs shared between dyslexia and ADHD GWAS datasets. Dotted line represents Bonferroni-significant p-value (3.081 × 10–6). b Quantile-quantile plot displaying the observed vs expected statistics under the null hypothesis. c MAGMA tissue expression analysis of all SNPs using GTEx v8 dataset with 30 general tissue types. Dotted line represents Bonferroni-significant p-value. d Venn diagram of significantly associated genomic loci identified in single phenotype GWAS studies and in the pleiotropy analysis. e Venn diagram of genes mapped to significantly associated SNPs in single phenotype GWAS studies and in the pleiotropy analysis.