Fig. 3: DEGs in peripartum depression outcomes.

Volcano plots showing up- and downregulated genes in samples collected during pregnancy A–D and postpartum E, F when investigating several peripartum depression outcomes. Investigating peripartum depression trajectories, A and B show genes associated with depressive symptoms only during pregnancy, and persistent depressive symptoms, respectively, in samples collected during pregnancy. C shows upregulated and downregulated DEGs significantly associated with EPDS score at week 32. D shows DEGs between APDS and no APDS. In samples collected postpartum, E shows DEGs for EPDS score at postpartum week 8 while F shows DEGs between PPDS and no PPDS. There were no significant DEGs in postpartum-onset depressive symptoms vs. controls for both timepoints. Red color indicates significant DEGs that are up- regulated (logFC > 0); blue indicates down-regulated (logFC < 0) significant DEGs, while grey color indicates non-significant genes.