Fig. 4: Total choline concentrations in the dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC by group).

In long COVID, total choline concentrations were lower in dACC as compared with healthy controls (p = 0.0002). The between-group differences in pgACC were non-significant. Number of participants: CFS - 23, long COVID - 17, HC 21. * indicates significant results with p value 0.01 and ≤ 0.05, ** indicates highly significant results with p velue ≥ 0.0001 and 0.01.