Fig. 5: Results of the bi-directional Mendelian randomisation analysis for the causal relationships between MD and neuroimaging traits.

The top panel shows the results of causal effects of brain structural measures to MD, and the bottom panel shows the causal effects in the reverse direction. X-axes represent individual brain structural measures, and the measures were separated by their category (global measure/cortical surface area/subcortical volume). Y-axes represent -log10-transformed p-values. Neuroimaging traits were highlighted in the plot if there was any potentially causal effect that reached FDR-significance indicated by the inverse variance weighted method.