Fig. 6

Heterogeneity of regulatory T cells during asthma. a UMAP repartition of Tregs from acute and stable asthma patients and healthy controls. Concatenated Tregs (CD127^lowFoxP3⁺Helios⁺) from acute (n = 10) and stable asthma patients (n = 13) and healthy controls (n = 9) were visualized by UMAP. Similar number of events from the different groups was represented. Density plots represented the relative frequency of Tregs. b Phenotype of Tregs during asthma. Concatenated samples from acute and stable asthma patients and healthy controls were analyzed for their relative expression of surface and intracellular markers. c UMAP repartition of Tregs markers and of clusters during asthma. Normalized intensity of each marker was represented. Phenograph determined automatically individual clusters, which were represented by specific colors. d Frequency of non-classical Tregs during Asthma. The subsets of Tregs defined as CD127^lowFoxP3⁺Helios⁺ CD4 T cells were quantified in frozen PBMCs from acute (n = 10) and stable asthma patients (n = 13) and healthy controls (n = 9). Frequencies were analyzed by Mann–Whitney U test. e Suppressive functions of Tregs during asthma. Representative histogram plots of CD4 T cell co-culture. CFSE-stained effector CD4 T cells (CD127⁺CD25⁻) were stimulated with a-CD3/CD28 beads alone or in presence of Tregs (1/4 ratio) during 4 days. f Preserved functions of Tregs during asthma. Paired t-tests were used to compare the frequencies of non-proliferating effector CD4 T cells. Test significances were indicated by asterisks; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001