Fig. 5

T_H9 cells differentiated in the presence of TL1A induce more severe mucosal inflammation. Naive CD4⁺ T cells from CD45.1 mice were differentiated under T_H9-polarizing conditions (T_H9) or T_H9 with TL1A (T_H9-TL1A) for 3 days. T_H9 or T_H9-TL1A cells were injected into Rag1^−/− mice. a Body weight changes after T-cell transfer. b Histology scores for the intestine. c Representative H&E stains of the duodenum. Scale bar: 200 μm. d Total cell counts in spleens, MLN, and LPMC. e Frequency of CD4⁺ cells (left). Total cell counts of CD4⁺ cells (middle, right). f Representative histograms of Ki67 staining of MLN cells (left). Frequency of Ki67⁺ cells in MLN, spleens, and LPMC (middle). Total cell counts of Ki67⁺ cells in MLN, spleens, and LPMC (right). g ELISA analysis of IL-9, IL-17, and IL-13 production from MLN after ex vivo restimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28. h ELISA analysis of IL-9 and IL-13 production from LPMC after ex vivo restimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28. i Total cell numbers of IL-9⁺, IL-13⁺, and IL-17⁺ CD4⁺CD45.1⁺ T cells in spleens (left) and MLN (right). j Total cell numbers of CD4⁺CCR6⁺, and CD4⁺CD103⁺ T cells in spleens (left), MLN (middle), and LPMC (right). Data represent means ± SD of one independent experiment out of three independent experiments. n = 4–5/group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.005 as determined by Student’s t test