Fig. 4

Enhanced IL-1β expression and suboptimal IL-10 function in pediatric IBD patients. a Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from adult healthy controls (n = 6), CD patients (n = 11), and UC patients (n = 9) were stimulated with bacterial LPS and high throughput RNA sequencing was performed after 6 h of stimulation. FPKM values of IL1B mRNA expression are shown. b IL1B mRNA expression was measured in biopsies from macroscopically affected intestine (closed symbol) and biopsies from unaffected regions (open symbol) derived from treatment-naive CD and UC patients and no IBD controls. c Representative immunohistochemical staining for IL-1β in inflamed sections of paraffin-embedded biopsies of pediatric IBD patients (n = 33). d, e IL10RA and IL10RB mRNA expression was determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from adult healthy controls (n = 6), CD patients (n = 11), and UC patients (n = 9) using high throughput RNA sequencing. FPKM values of IL10RA and IL10RB mRNA expression are shown. f Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy controls (n = 8) and treatment-naive IBD patients (n = 15) were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 beads in the presence of different concentrations of IL-10 (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ng/ml). After 48 h, supernatants were assayed for IFNγ using an ELISA. The relative difference was calculated considering the percent of cytokine secretion upon anti-CD3/CD28 beads stimulation without IL-10 as 100%. Results are mean ± SEM f. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 using one-way ANOVA (a, b, e) or unpaired Student’s t test (f)