Fig. 1

Elevation of RANK-L in NPs and expression of RANK on human ILC2s. a, e The total RNA was extracted from whole control UT (Con, n = 21) and NP tissue (n = 39) from patients with CRSwNP. Expression of mRNAs for RANK-L and OPG was analyzed using qPCR. Gene expression was normalized to a housekeeping gene, β-glucuronidase (GUSB), and expression levels were shown as % expression of GUSB. b Representative histograms of flow-cytometric plots for RANK on ILC2s in blood and NPs (n = 6) are shown. Levels of cell surface expression of RANK on ILC2s are shown by geometric mean fluorescence intensity (gMFI). c A comparison of the gMFI ratio of RANK to isotype IgG1 between blood ILC2s and NP ILC2s is shown. d Protein extracts were generated from control UT (Con, n = 13), NPs from CRSwNP patients who did not have NSAID sensitivity (n = 69) and who did have NSAID sensitivity (n = 12). Expression of RANK-L protein in tissue homogenates was determined by Luminex. RANK-L protein concentrations were normalized to the concentration of total protein. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 were calculated by Mann–Whitney test (a, e), one-way ANOVA Kruskal–Wallis test (d), paired t test (b), and Wilcoxon test (c)