Fig. 4: Effects of UDCA on TNF-α-induced MAdCAM-1 expression in vitro.

a–c TSECs or bEnd.3 cells were co-treated with TNF-α and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) for 4 h. Cells were collected and subjected to RT-qPCR analyses of adhesion molecules. d Dose titration of UDCA effects on TNF-α induction of MAdCAM-1 in TSECs. e TSECs or bEnd.3 cells were co-treated with UDCA and TNF-α and cell viability was assessed. Positive control is treatment of TSECs or bEnd.3 cells with 1% sodium azide (0.76 M). f TSECs were transfected with NF-κB luciferase reporter and treated with TNF-α and/or UDCA. NF-κB luciferase activities were measured using a Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System. Data are expressed as means ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001, ***P < 0.0001, two-way ANOVA and Student’s t test.