Fig. 4: STAT1 and STAT3 activation during Salmonella Typhimurium and Citrobacter rodentium infection.

Control animals (n ≥ 6) were infected with S. Typhimurium ΔaroA (A) or C. rodentium (B) sacrificed at day 3 post infection. Representative images of colon cross sections immunohistochemically stained with antibody against pSTAT1 (scale bar: 250 μm) or pSTAT3 (scale bar: 250 μm) (red). Nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst 33342 (blue). C Western Blot analysis and normalization of colonic tissue with antibodies against pSTAT1 and pSTAT3. β-Actin was used as loading control. Densitometry analysis for quantification (n = 3 per group). Error bars indicate +SD. Statistical analyses: One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test; NS p ≥ 0.05; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.