Fig. 2: Commensal microbes promote type 2 inflammation in the absence of HOIL1.
From: HOIL1 regulates group 2 innate lymphoid cell numbers and type 2 inflammation in the small intestine
a, b Il5, Il13 and Ifng mRNA levels in Hoil1+/+ and Hoil1−/− ileum from newborn (a) and 3 week-old (b) mice. c 16S rDNA copies per fecal pellet from Hoil1+/+ or Hoil1−/− mice day 0, 7 or 14 after commencement of daily gavage with water (left panel) or antibiotics (vancomycin, neomycin, ampicillin, metronidazole, Abx, right panel). d–f Il4, Il5, Il13 (d), Il18, Il25, Il33, Tslp (e), Ifng and Tnf (f) mRNA levels in ileum from Hoil1+/+ or Hoil1−/− mice after 14 days of daily gavage with water or antibiotics (Abx). mRNA levels are relative to Hoil1+/+. g, h H&E stained sections (g; scale = 50 μm), and enumeration of goblet cells in villi (h) in the ileum from Hoil1+/+ and Hoil1−/− mice after 14 days of daily gavage with water or antibiotics. i, j DCLK1 (red) and DAPI (blue) stained sections (i; scale = 50 μm), and enumeration of tuft cells in villi and crypts (j) from ileum from Hoil1+/+ and Hoil1−/− mice after 14 days of daily gavage with water or antibiotics. Each symbol represents a sample from an individual mouse and colored bars represent the median. Histological enumerations represent the mean from of >10 villi/crypt per mouse. Mice were aged between 6 and 9 weeks unless stated otherwise. H&E Hematoxylin and Eosin. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.001 by Mann-Whitney (a, b), Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons (c), or ordinary two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (d–f, h, j).
