Fig. 1: Landmark discoveries from helminth immunology.
From: Lessons from helminths: what worms have taught us about mucosal immunology
1. Mast cell and eosinophil identification (late 1800s). 2. IgE (“Reaginin-like antibodies”) induced in parasite infection (1964). 3. Th1/Th2 paradigm: Th1 in bacterial and Th2 in parasitic infections (1989). 4. Discovery of regulatory T cells (1995). 5. M1/M2 paradigm, M2 (“alternatively-activated”) macrophages in parasite infections (2000). 6. “Epithelial escalator” as part of the response to intestinal helminths (2005). 7. Characterisation of the anti-parasite role of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) (2010). 8. In situ proliferation of M2 macrophages (2011). 9. Metabolic shift during type 2 immunity from glycolysis to lipid metabolism (2016). 10. Identification of tuft cells as a critical epithelial cell type in initiation of anti-parasite immunity (2016). Created with BioRender.com.
