Fig. 3 | Neuropsychopharmacology

Fig. 3

From: Withdrawal from escalated cocaine self-administration impairs reversal learning by disrupting the effects of negative feedback on reward exploitation: a behavioral and computational analysis

Fig. 3

Modelling variables of learning and response flexibility on the spatial reversal learning task before and after intravenous cocaine self-administration compared with control rats. Data are means ± 1SEM. No significant differences in α, β and κ were observed in future LE and HE rats compared with control rats (a–c, respectively). Whereas the rate of learning of a response after the completion of each trial (α) was not significantly affected by cocaine exposure (d), a significant increase in β (e) and κ (f) was observed in HE rats (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01). Thus, HE rats failed to exploit what they had previously learnt (increased β) and showed an increased tendency to make the same response as the previous trial (increased κ). An example of the model fit is shown in the lower panel (g) with individual left and right responses in the upper yellow traces alongside the rewarded side (violet trace) and in the lower trace the modelled probabilities of the same animal making a left or right response using the modelled values of α, β and κ

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