Fig. 1: Generation and neural differentiation of hiPSCs.

A Family pedigrees from the Central Valley of Costa Rica. Individuals from four different families were included in this study. Squares represent males, and circles represent females. Subjects with a number identification represent those included in this study from whom hiPSC, NPC, and neuronal cell lines were made. In total, 39 cell lines were derived from 13 subjects. Subjects in shaded boxes were diagnosed as having schizophrenia (SCZ), subjects in white boxes represent healthy controls (HC). B Representative images of hiPSCs derived from SCZ patients and HC expressing pluripotent markers SSEA4 (green) and Oct4 (red). Gene expression (TPM) levels of pluripotency cell markers C DNMT3B and D NANOG is increased in hiPSCs when compared to LCLs, hiPSC–NPCs, and hiPSC–neurons. E Representative images of hiPSC–NPC positive for Nestin (green) and SOX-1 (red). F hiPSC–NPCs have higher expression levels of NPC cell marker Nestin (NES), with no significant differences between patients and controls. G Representative images of 3-week-old hiPSC–neurons positive for βIII tubulin (green) and MAP2 (red). The hiPSC–neurons have higher expression levels of H MAP2 and I SLC17A7 (vGlut1), with no significant differences between SCZ and HC. Comparison between groups: Mann–Whitney. No statistical test was performed on the pooled samples. Gene expression levels are expressed in TPM (Transcripts Per Kilobase Million). Line on plots represents median.