Fig. 2: Activation of paraventricular thalamus (PVT) neurons impairs safety learning. | Neuropsychopharmacology

Fig. 2: Activation of paraventricular thalamus (PVT) neurons impairs safety learning.

From: Modulation of learning safety signals by acute stress: paraventricular thalamus and prefrontal inhibition

Fig. 2

A Schematic illustration of chemogenetic activation of PVT neurons. B Freezing levels during CS+ and CS− before, during, and after CNO injection in PVT-hM3D (Gq)- or eYFP-injected mice post-safety learning (two-way ANOVA, interaction, F(2,15) = 7.056, P < 0.01, stimulus, F(1,15) = 138.1, P < 0.0001 treatment, F(2,15) = 11.74, P < 0.001; N = 6 mice, CS-(pre CNO) vs. CS-(CNO 30 min), P < 0.0001, CS-(CNO 30 min) vs. CS-(post CNO), P < 0.0001, Bonferroni’s post-test; two-way ANOVA, interaction, F(2,15) = 0.9325, P = 0.4152, stimulus, F(1,15) = 281.0, P < 0.0001, treatment, F(2,15) = 0.6340, P = 0.5441; N = 6 mice, CS-(pre CNO) vs. CS-(CNO 30 min), P > 0.99, CS-(CNO 30 min) vs. CS-(post CNO), P > 0.99, Bonferroni’s post-test). C Schematic illustration of chemogenetic activation of PL-projecting PVT neurons. D Freezing levels during CS+ and CS− before, during, and after CNO injection in PVT-PL hM3D (Gq)- or eYFP-injected mice post-safety learning(two-way ANOVA, interaction, F(2,15) = 4.846, P < 0.05, stimulus, F(1,15) = 118.1, P < 0.0001, treatment, F(2,15) = 1.363, P = 0.2859; N = 6 mice, CS-(pre CNO)vs. CS-(CNO 30 min), P < 0.05, CS-(CNO 30 min) vs. (post CNO), P < 0.05, Bonferroni’s post-test; two-way ANOVA, interaction, F(2,12) = 1.277, P = 0.3143, stimulus,F(1,12) = 610.6, P < 0.0001, treatment, F(2,12) = 0.1554, P = 0.8578; N = 5 mice, CS-(pre CNO)vs. CS-(CNO 30 min), P > 0.99, CS-(CNO 30 min) vs. CS-(post CNO), P > 0.99, Bonferroni’s post-test). E Procedure for chemogenetic activation of PVT neurons during safety learning. F Freezing levels (left) and discrimination index (right) post-SL in mice injected with hM3D virus or control virus(two-way ANOVA, interaction, F(1,24) = 11.59, P < 0.01, stimulus, F(1,24) = 73.43, P < 0.0001, treatment, F(1,24) = 2.880, P = 0.1026; eYFP, N = 7 mice, hM3D, N = 7 mice, CS-(eYFP)vs. CS-(hM3D), P < 0.01, CS + (eYFP) vs. CS + (hM3D), P = 0.4212, Bonferroni’s post-test; two-tailed unpaired t test, t = 4.443, df = 12; eYFP, N = 7 mice, hM3D, N = 7 mice, eYFP vs. hM3D, P < 0.001). G Procedure for chemogenetic activation of PVT neurons and activation of PL PV-INs during safety learning. H Freezing levels (left) and discrimination index (right) post-safety learning in mice injected with hM3D virus or control virus (two-way ANOVA, interaction, F(1, 20) = 1.249, P = 0.2769, stimulus, F(1, 20) = 216.8, P < 0.0001, treatment, F(1, 20) = 0.1666, P = 0.6857; Control, N = 6 mice, hM3D, N = 6 mice, CS-(Control) vs. CS-(hM3D), P = 0.8566, CS+(Control) vs. CS+(hM3D), P = 0.5008, Bonferroni’s post-test; two-tailed unpaired t test, t = 0.7256, df = 10; Control, N = 6 mice, hM3D, N = 6 mice, Control vs. hM3D, P = 0.4847).

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