Table 3 Psychopathological outcome measures.
CBD | Placebo | CBD vs. Placebo | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Post-cannabis | Change | Baseline | Post-cannabis | Change | Estimated Marginal Mean difference | P value | Corrected P value | |
PANSS - Positive Scale | 13.3 (11.3 to 15.2) | 18.3 (16 to 20.6) | 5.0 (3.6 to 6.5) | 13.7 (11.7 to 15.6) | 16.6 (14.3 to 18.9) | 2.9 (1.5 to 4.3) | 2.2 (0.6 to 3.7) | 0.01 | NA |
Delusions | 2.7 (2.1 to 3.4) | 3.2 (2.5 to 3.9) | 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8) | 2.7 (2.1 to 3.4) | 3.0 (2.3 to 3.7) | 0.3 (0.0 to 0.6) | 0.2 (−0.2 to 0.6) | 0.33 | 0.66 |
Conceptual disorganization | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.5) | 3.5 (3 to 3.9) | 2.2 (1.7 to 2.6) | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.5) | 2.7 (2.3 to 3.2) | 1.5 (1.1 to 1.9) | 0.7 (0.2 to 1.1) | 0.01 | 0.15 |
Hallucinatory behaviour | 2.4 (1.8 to 2.9) | 2.6 (2.0 to 3.2) | 0.2 (−0.3 to 0.8) | 2.3 (1.7 to 2.8) | 2.6 (2.0 to 3.2) | 0.3 (−0.2 to 0.9) | −0.1 (−0.6 to 0.4) | 0.71 | 0.90 |
Excitement | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.3) | 2.1 (1.6 to 2.5) | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.3) | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.4) | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.1) | 0.4 (0.0 to 0.8) | 0.5 (−0.1 to 1.0) | 0.09 | 0.43 |
Grandiosity | 2.2 (1.6 to 2.8) | 2.5 (1.9 to 3.1) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.5) | 2.2 (1.7 to 2.8) | 2.4 (1.8 to 3.0) | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.4) | 0.2 (−0.1 to 0.4) | 0.27 | 0.66 |
Suspiciousness/persecution | 2.4 (1.8 to 3.0) | 3.2 (2.6 to 3.7) | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.2) | 2.6 (2.0 to 3.2) | 2.8 (2.2 to 3.4) | 0.2 (−0.1 to 0.6) | 0.6 (0.1 to 1.0) | 0.01 | 0.15 |
Hostility | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.4) | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.6) | 0.2 (−0.1 to 0.5) | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.7) | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.7) | 0.0 (−0.3 to 0.3) | 0.2 (−0.1 to 0.5) | 0.17 | 0.66 |
PANSS - Negative Scale | 13.9 (11.5 to 16.3) | 17.4 (15.1 to 19.7) | 3.5 (1.6 to 5.4) | 14.1 (11.6 to 16.5) | 16.6 (14.3 to 18.9) | 2.5 (0.6 to 4.4) | 1.0 (−0.9 to 2.9) | 0.32 | 0.66 |
Blunted affect | 2.2 (1.7 to 2.7) | 3.0 (2.4 to 3.5) | 0.8 (0.2 to 1.3) | 2.3 (1.8 to 2.8) | 2.9 (2.4 to 3.5) | 0.7 (0.1 to 1.2) | 0.1 (−0.4 to 0.7) | 0.68 | 0.90 |
Emotional withdrawal | 1.9 (1.4 to 2.3) | 2.3 (1.8 to 2.8) | 0.4 (0.0 to 0.8) | 1.9 (1.4 to 2.4) | 2.3 (1.8 to 2.8) | 0.4 (0.0 to 0.9) | 0.0 (−0.4 to 0.4) | 0.86 | 0.90 |
Poor rapport | 1.5 (1.1 to 1.9) | 1.6 (1.3 to 2.0) | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.4) | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.0) | 1.6 (1.2 to 1.9) | 0.0 (−0.3 to 0.2) | 0.2 (−0.2 to 0.5) | 0.31 | 0.66 |
Passive/apathetic social withdrawal | 2.2 (1.6 to 2.8) | 2.6 (2.0 to 3.2) | 0.4 (−0.1 to 0.8) | 2.2 (1.6 to 2.8) | 2.4 (1.8 to 3.0) | 0.2 (−0.3 to 0.7) | 0.2 (−0.3 to 0.6) | 0.51 | 0.81 |
Difficulty in abstract thinking | 2.9 (2.4 to 3.3) | 3.6 (3.1 to 4.1) | 0.8 (0.3 to 1.2) | 2.7 (2.2 to 3.2) | 3.5 (3.0 to 4.0) | 0.8 (0.3 to 1.3) | 0.0 (−0.4 to 0.4) | 0.93 | 0.93 |
Lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation | 1.9 (1.4 to 2.3) | 2.8 (2.2 to 3.3) | 0.9 (0.4 to 1.4) | 1.9 (1.4 to 2.3) | 2.5 (2.0 to 3.0) | 0.6 (0.1 to 1.1) | 0.3 (−0.4 to 0.9) | 0.46 | 0.80 |
Stereotyped thinking | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.7) | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.9) | 0.2 (−0.1 to 0.4) | 1.5 (1.1 to 1.9) | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.7) | −0.2 (−0.4 to 0.1) | 0.3 (0.0 to 0.7) | 0.07 | 0.41 |
PSI - Total score | 35.1 (26.4 to 43.8) | 36.8 (28.5 to 45.1) | 1.7 (−2.4 to 5.7) | 37.5 (28.8 to 46.2) | 38.5 (30.2 to 46.8) | 1.1 (−3.0 to 5.1) | 0.6 (−5.0 to 6.2) | 0.83 | 0.90 |
Thought distortion | 2.9 (1.2 to 4.7) | 2.5 (1.0 to 4.0) | −0.4 (−1.4 to 0.5) | 3.2 (1.5 to 4.9) | 2.9 (1.4 to 4.4) | −0.3 (−1.2 to 0.6) | −0.1 (−1.4 to 1.2) | 0.85 | 0.90 |
Perceptual distortion | 2.3 (0.5 to 4.1) | 3.2 (1.7 to 4.7) | 0.9 (−0.2 to 1.9) | 3.0 (1.3 to 4.8) | 3.5 (2.1 to 5.0) | 0.5 (−0.5 to 1.6) | 0.4 (−0.9 to 1.6) | 0.56 | 0.84 |
Cognitive disorganisation | 3.9 (2.1 to 5.8) | 5.0 (3.0 to 7.1) | 1.1 (−0.4 to 2.6) | 4.1 (2.3 to 6.0) | 5.4 (3.3 to 7.5) | 1.3 (−0.2 to 2.8) | −0.2 (−2.0 to 1.6) | 0.82 | 0.90 |
Anhedonia | 5.0 (3.8 to 6.2) | 5.1 (3.9 to 6.3) | 0.1 (−0.8 to 1.1) | 5.3 (4.1 to 6.5) | 5.3 (4.1 to 6.4) | 0.0 (−0.9 to 0.9) | 0.1 (−1.1 to 1.4) | 0.83 | 0.90 |
Manic experience | 4.2 (3.2 to 5.2) | 3.2 (1.9 to 4.6) | −0.9 (−1.9 to 0.1) | 3.9 (2.9 to 4.9) | 3.9 (2.5 to 5.2) | −0.1 (−1.1 to 0.9) | −0.9 (−2.2 to 0.5) | 0.23 | 0.66 |
Paranoia/suspiciousness | 1.1 (−0.1 to 2.2) | 1.8 (0.8 to 2.9) | 0.8 (−0.2 to 1.8) | 2.2 (1.0 to 3.4) | 1.6 (0.5 to 2.6) | −0.6 (−1.6 to 0.4) | 1.4 (0.0 to 2.7) | 0.06 | 0.41 |
SSPS - Total score | 10.8 (9.8 to 11.9) | 10.8 (10 to 11.6) | 0.0 (−1.4 to 1.3) | 12.2 (11.1 to 13.2) | 11.1 (10.3 to 11.9) | −1.0 (−2.3 to 0.4) | 0.9 (−0.9 to 2.8) | 0.33 | 0.66 |
STAI-Sa - Total score | 43.9 (41.9 to 45.9) | 42.7 (40.6 to 44.7) | −1.2 (−2.9 to 0.4) | 43.9 (41.9 to 45.9) | 43.5 (41.4 to 45.5) | −0.4 (−2.1 to 1.2) | −0.8 (−2.8 to 1.2) | 0.43 | 0.80 |
VAS - Feel drug effect | 1.7 (−2.2 to 5.7) | 80.4 (72.8 to 88.1) | 78.7 (69 to 88.4) | 4.9 (1.0 to 8.9) | 80.1 (72.5 to 87.8) | 75.2 (65.5 to 84.9) | 3.5 (−4.9 to 12) | 0.42 | 0.78 |
