Table 1 Evidence for dysfunctions in CASPER processes across psychiatric disorders.

From: The Cognitive–Affective Social Processing and Emotion Regulation (CASPER) model

Disorder	Evidence Category	Experiences/Concepts (Hippocampus, MTL, DMN)	Affect/Motivation (Striatum, VMPFC, OFC, Insula)	Detecting Cues (Amygdala, VAN, SAL, CON)	Attend To Cues (FPN, DAN)	Interpret Cues (Hippocampus, MTL, DMN)	Adjust Behavior (FPN, CON)
Depression	Cognitive	Childhood maltreatment confers ↑ risk of later diagnosis; ↓ emotion differentiation [41, 189]	Childhood irritability present ↑ risk of later diagnosis [269]	↑ attentional bias to negative stimuli [269]	↓ selective attention [270]	↑ interpretation of ambiguous stimuli as negative [89, 271]	↓ flexibility in cognitive control [122]
Depression	Neural	↑ resting DMN FC; ↓ hippocampus volume [163, 185]	↓ striatum activation to rewards [272]	Mixed associations with resting VAN FC [163]	Mixed associations with resting DAN FC [163]	↑ resting DMN FC [163]
Anxiety	Cognitive	↓ emotion differentiation [189]	Avoidance of changing mood states [69]		↑ attention to threat [273]	↑ interpretation of positive/neutral stimuli as negative [122]	↓ flexibility in interpretation, regardless of disconfirming information [122]
Anxiety	Neural			↑ activation in vIPFC to longer-duration threats [273]
Bipolar Disorder	Cognitive	↓ emotion labeling accuracy in high-risk youth [274]	↑ approach motivation [275]		↓ selective attention [276]
Bipolar Disorder	Neural		↑ striatum activation to reward [272]	↑ amygdala & VAN activation during emotion face processing [165]		↑ DMN activation during emotion face processing [165]
Conduct Disorder	Cognitive	Adolescent diagnoses predict ↑ adult psychiatric impairment; Early adversity ↑ risk for aggression [208]				↓ affective morality [277]	↑ in IE and CU tendencies; ↑ in impulsivity, violent and damaging acts [205]
Conduct Disorder	Neural	↓ DMN connectivity in response to fixed stimuli [255]	↓ structural connectivity between Amygdala-OFC [256]		↓ FPN-DMN correlation in response to empathy [248]
Psychopathy	Cognitive				↓ attentional shift to salient cues (functional neural)	↓ salience during morally aversive scenarios (neural networks)	↑ desire to return to homeostasis through aggression [261]
Psychopathy	Neural	↑ activation in DMN during self-referential processing [246]		↓ in visual processing and somatosensory networks [243]	↑ FPN activity during externally focused tasks [246]	↓ fear processing in MCC [278]
Borderline Personality Disorder	Cognitive	Previous violence confers ↑ risk of aggression [279]			Impairment of attention orientation [280]	↑ attentional control in free-viewing [281]	↓ focus on positive stimuli; ↑ in suboptimal decision making; ↑ sterile response leads to automatic interpretation of cues as negative [281]
Borderline Personality Disorder	Neural	Mixed associations with DMN activity; ↓ in sub-cortical to cortical FC [282]	↓ VMPFC activity to negative emotions during inhibition [280]	↑ activation in VAN across sensitivity analyses; ↓ activity in visual areas leading to reduced emotion accuracy [283]
Intermittent Explosive Disorder	Cognitive		↑ desire for anger; ↓ desire for compassion [284]
Intermittent Explosive Disorder	Neural

Evidence is organized into either cognitive (e.g., from behavioral studies) or neural (e.g., from neuroimaging studies) to faciliate integrating evidence across disciplines for each component of the model and each syndrome.
For this table, review papers and meta-analyses were prioritized for interpretation. Empirical work is not exhaustively listed, though there is extensive additional evidence. MTL medial temporal lobe, DMN default mode network, VMPFC ventromedial prefrontal cortex, OFC orbitofrontal cortex, VAN ventral attention network; SAL salience network, CON cingulo-opercular network, FPN frontoparietal network, DAN dorsal attention network, FC functional connectivity.

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Table 1 Evidence for dysfunctions in CASPER processes across psychiatric disorders.

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