Table 1 Effect of carnitine supplementation on glycemic and lipid parameters in human studies with and without diabetic subjects
From: Role of carnitine and its derivatives in the development and management of type 2 diabetes
Subject and characteristics | Study type | Diet | Dosage of carnitine/ day | Adminis-tration | Treatment duration | Carnitine effect on glycemic parameters | Carnitine effect on lipid parameters | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nine NIDDM patients (7 M/2 F), aged 39–64 y, BMI: 33 oral anti-diabetic medication | EHC | Isocaloric (containing 200 g carbohydrates) | 3 mmol LC during EHC | i.v. | 3 h | FPG ↔ FINS↔ GUR↑ lactate ↓ | FFA↔ | |
Fifteen T2D patients (8 M/7 F), aged 39.3–55.3 y, 20 healthy volunteers (11 M/9 F) | EHC IC | Weight-maintaining, consisting of 250 g carbohydrates/day for 1 week before the study | 0.28 µmol/kg BW/min LC | i.v. | 3 h | GUR↑ GOX↑ GSR lactate ↓ | FFA↔ | |
Seven healthy male, mean age:22.4 y, BMI: 26.1 | EHC | Standardized, carnitine free during EHC (55% carbohydrates, 35% fat, 10% proteins) | 60 mM LC | i.v. | 5 h | PDC activity↓ TCmuscle↑ lactate muscle↓ glycogenmuscle↑ | FCmuscle↑ ACmuscle ↔ long-chain acylCoA↑ | |
Fourteen healthy volunteers (7 M/7 F), aged 33.8±10.9 years, BMI 23.6±2.7 | IC | Standard composition (55% carbohydrates, 30% lipids, 15% proteins) ad libitum, with at least 250 g carbohydrates/day | 80 mg LC/gglucose | i.v. | One bolus | ISI ↔ GOX↑ | FFA↓ | |
Thirty five T2D patients (22 M/13 F), aged 51.3±3.7 y, disease duration of 12.3±3.4 years, BMI:30, medication with oral anti-diabetic, no insulin or lipid lowering medication | n.m | n.m. | 3 g LC | Oral | 12 weeks | FPG↓ HbA1c↔, | TG↑ LDL-C ↔ HDL-C↔ TC↔ LP(a) ↔ ApoA1↑ ApoB100↑ | |
Ninety four newly diagnosed T2D patients (47 M/47 F), aged 43–58 y | n.m | Standard composition 1400–1600 kcal/day; 55% carbohydrates, 25% proteins, 20% lipids | 2 g LC | Oral | 24 weeks | FPG↔ PPG↔ HbA1c↔ FINS↔ | TG↔ LDL-C↔ HDL-C↔ TC↔ LP(a) ↓ ApoA1↔ ApoB100↔ | |
Eighty one T2D patients (58 M/23 F) aged 36–62 y | n.m | Standard composition 1400–1600 kcal/day; 55% carbohydrates, 25% proteins, 20% lipids | 2 g LC | Oral | 12 weeks | FPG↔ HbA1c↓ | TG↓ Ox-LDL↓ LDL-C↓ HDL-C↑ TC↔ LP(a) ↓ ApoA1↓ ApoB100↓ | |
Sixteen patients with T2D or IFG (12 M/4 F), no anti-diabetic therapy, aged 49.7–81.7 y, BMI:35.4 | n.m | Hypocaloric (1,200 kcal/day F, 1,400 kcal/M; 55% carbohydrates, 25% lipids, 20% proteins) | 4 g LC | Oral | 2 week | FPG↔ FINS↓ HOMA-IR↓ | n.m. | |
Twelve T2D patients (6 M/6 F), aged 30–60 years, BMI:30 | EHC | Isocaloric diet, containing more than 250 g carbohydrates/day for 3 days before the study | 3 g LC | Oral | 4 weeks | FPG↔ HbA1c↔ GUR↔ | TG↔ LDL-C↔ HDL-C↔ TC↔ |
