Table 1 Characteristics of the dietary interventions and baseline characteristics of the study subjects (n = 72)

From: Effects of supplemented isoenergetic diets varying in cereal fiber and protein content on the bile acid metabolic signature and relation to insulin resistance

Diet characteristics

Control

HCF

HP

MIX

p-value

Macronutrient content (% of energy)

 Carbohydrates

55

55

40–45

45–50

—

 Protein

15

15

25–30

20–25

—

 Fat

30

30

30

30

—

 Cereal fiber

Not emphasized

Emphasized

Not emphasized

Emphasized

—

Matched characteristics

 Age (years)

54.4 ± 1.6

54.6 ± 2.9

55.7 ± 2.6

55.2 ± 1.8

0.98

 Gender (females/males)

12/8

10/5

11/7

13/6

0.94

 Use of drugsa (n)

9

8

9

10

0.78

 Waist circumference (cm)

101.1 ± 1.8

101.1 ± 2.0

102.7 ± 3.0

100.4 ± 3.1

0.93

 BMI (kg/m2)

30.7 ± 0.7

31.8 ± 0.8

31.9 ± 0.9

31.3 ± 0.9

0.69

Additional characteristics

 Overweight/obese

10/10

5/10

6/12

8/11

0.70

 Glucose metabolismb (NGM/PGM)

11/9

11/4

6/12

11/8

0.26

 M-value (mg/kg/min)

4.44 ± 0.42

3.79 ± 0.39

3.92 ± 0.41

4.14 ± 0.27

0.65

 EGP (mg/kg/min)

1.67 ± 0.03

1.65 ± 0.04

1.59 ± 0.05

1.60 ± 0.05

0.43

 HEP-IR (mg/kg/min)

16.11 ± 1.59

13.99 ± 1.35

16.51 ± 1.64

16.19 ± 2.38

0.78

 HOMA-IR

2.13 ± 0.21

1.79 ± 0.21

2.15 ± 0.16

2.16 ± 0.41

0.77

 Body fat mass (kg)

33.79 ± 1.49

37.92 ± 2.02

36.64 ± 2.42

36.81 ± 2.93

0.61

 Body lean mass (kg)

53.24 ± 2.82

55.10 ± 2.85

54.73 ± 2.79

51.80 ± 2.32

0.82

 Liver fat (%)

8.66 ± 2.29

7.75 ± 2.11

6.34 ± 1.54

9.65 ± 2.63

0.74

 VAT (L)

4.39 ± 0.38

3.88 ± 0.47

4.87 ± 0.44

4.58 ± 0.57

0.54

 NVAT (L)

15.13 ± 0.73

16.32 ± 0.95

16.94 ± 1.49

16.57 ± 1.79

0.75

 REE (kcal/d)

1476 ± 49

1575 ± 63

1547 ± 76

1412 ± 60

0.27

 Pooled BA (μmol/L)

1.81 ± 0.33

2.28 ± 0.68

1.84 ± 0.43

1.36 ± 0.23

0.52

 Primary BA (μmol/L)

1.08 ± 0.27

1.09 ± 0.27

0.96 ± 0.28

0.74 ± 0.17

0.71

 Secondary BA (μmol/L)

0.53 ± 0.06

0.54 ± 0.10

0.63 ± 0.12

0.48 ± 0.07

0.70

 Tertiary BA (μmol/L)

0.12 ± 0.02

0.40 ± 0.24

0.15 ± 0.03

0.09 ± 0.01

0.15

 FGF-19 (pg/mL)

124.3 ± 21.1

111.6 ± 12.2

104.8 ± 13.8

106.5 ± 15.5

0.83

  1. Participants were randomly allocated to one of four isoenergetic diets (i.e., control, high cereal fiber (HCF), high protein (HP), or moderately high in both cereal fiber and protein (MIX)) using a computerized group-matching algorithm ensuring homogeneity of the main variables, (matched characteristics by randomization: age, sex, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), and drug intake)
  2. Data presented as mean of absolute values ± standard error for continuous variables, and as absolute numbers and proportions for categorical variables. Comparison between dietary groups was performed using one-way ANOVA, with diet as the discriminating factor
  3. HCF diet high in cereal fiber, HP diet high in protein, MIX diet moderately high in both cereal fiber and protein, BMI body mass index, NGM normal glucose metabolism based on oGTT, PGM pathological glucose metabolism based on oGTT showing impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance, M-value insulin-mediated glucose uptake as a measurement of whole-body insulin sensitivity, EGP endogenous glucose production, HEP-IR hepatic insulin resistance, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, VAT visceral adipose tissue, NVAT non-visceral adipose tissue, REE resting energy expenditure, BA bile acids, FGF-19 fibroblast growth factor-19
  4. aUse of lipid-lowering and/or antihypertensive drugs
  5. bData derived from an oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT)
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