Table 2 Baseline characteristics (week 0) of the study participants from the four dietary intervention groups when pooled and categorized as overweight (BMI ≥ 25 and <30 kg/m²; n = 29) or obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²; n = 43)

Age (years)

54.6 ± 1.5

55.6 ± 1.6

NS

Sex (female/male)

18/11

28/15

NS

Lipid lowering and/or antihypertensive drugs

16

20

NS

 Weight (kg)

81.3 ± 2.0

95.6 ± 2.0

<0.005

 Height (m)

1.7 ± 0.02

1.7 ± 0.01

NS

 BMI (kg/m²)

28.2 ± 0.2

33.5 ± 0.4

<0.005

 Waist circumference (cm)

95.1 ± 1.5

105.8 ± 1.6

<0.005

 Fat mass (kg)

29.4 ± 0.8

40.7 ± 1.4

<0.005

 Lean mass (kg)

51.8 ± 2.1

54.8 ± 1.7

NS

 VAT (l)

3.6 ± 0.3

4.9 ± 0.3

<0.005

 SCAT_a (l)

22.6 ± 0.4

26.4 ± 0.5

<0.005

 Liver fat (IHL) (%)

4.5 ± 0.7

10.5 ± 1.7

0.001

 M-value (mg/kg/min)

4.5 ± 0.2

3.8 ± 0.3

0.03

 EGP (mg/kg/min)

1.7 ± 0.03

1.6 ± 0.03

0.008

 HEP-IR (mg/kg/min)

13.7 ± 1.1

17.1 ± 1.3

0.04

 HOMA-IR

1.7 ± 0.1

2.3 ± 0.1

0.006

 NGM/PGM

19/10

18/25

NS

 Systolic

138.3 ± 2.6

143.0 ± 3.2

NS

 Diastolic

88.4 ± 2.0

94.6 ± 2.0

NS

RQ

0.8 ± 0.01

0.7 ± 0.01

NS

REE (kcal/day)

1415 ± 51

1556 ± 38

NS

 Total (mmol/L)

5.1 ± 0.1

5.4 ± 0.1

NS

 HDL (mmol/L)

1.4 ± 0.06

1.3 ± 0.04

NS

 LDL (mmol/L)

3.3 ± 0.1

3.5 ± 0.1

NS

 Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.0 ± 0.08

1.34 ± 0.1

0.007

 Free fatty acids (mmol/L)

0.6 ± 0.04

0.7 ± 0.04

NS

 HbA1c (%)

5.0 ± 0.06

5.2 ± 0.05

NS

 Urine nitrogen/creatinine ratio

7.31 ± 0.4

7.95 ± 0.4

NS

 Fecal isovalerate (mmol/L)

3.2 ± 0.3

3.0 ± 0.3

NS

 FGF-19 (pg/mL)

105.54 ± 9.21

116.55 ± 12.28

NS