Table 2 (a) Final measurements at 6 months with comparisons between Vitamin E and placebo group and results of interaction test with haptoglobin genotype. (b) Subgroup analysis of final measurements at 6 months with comparisons between haptoglobin genotype and Vitamin E and placebo group.

From: Impact of Vitamin E supplementation on vascular function in haptoglobin genotype stratified diabetes patients (EVAS Trial): a randomised controlled trial

Variables	Overall				Interaction test
	Vitamin E	Placebo	Diff (95% CI)	p value	Hp 2-2		Non-Hp 2-2		p value
	Vitamin E	Placebo	Diff (95% CI)	p value	Vitamin E	Placebo	Vitamin E	Placebo	p value
(a) Final measurements at 6 months with comparisons between Vitamin E and placebo group and results of interaction test with haptoglobin genotype
Number (%)	84 (50.6)	82 (49.4)			42 (25.30)	44 (26.51)	42 (25.30)	38 (22.89)
Time from baseline to completion visit days, Median (IQR)	176.00 (12.00)	177.00 (14.00)		0.329^b	176.50 (13.00)	177.00 (14.00)	175.50 (12.00)	177.00 (14.00)
Physical measurements
BMI Kg/m², mean (SD)	27.55 (4.93)	27.23 (5.03)	−0.32 (−1.84, 1.21)	0.684^a	27.79 (5.33)	27.96 (5.36)	27.30 (4.54)	26.39 (4.54)	0.482^f
Waist circumference cm, mean (SD)	92.97 (10.27)	94.10 (11.18)	1.12 (−2.16, 4.41)	0.500^a	91.78 (9.94)	95.17 (11.11)	94.17 (10.57)	92.85 (11.30)	0.160^f
Systolic BP (Peripheral) mmHg, mean (SD)	133.27 (15.05)	129.62 (13.51)	−3.66 (−8.04, 0.73)	0.102^a	133.21 (13.63)	128.92 (14.08)	133.33 (16.51)	130.42 (12.96)	0.758^f
Diastolic BP (Peripheral) mmHg, mean (SD)	74.18 (8.66)	71.95 (6.90)	−2.23 (−4.63, 0.18)	0.069^a	74.61 (8.30)	72.78 (7.51)	73.75 (9.09)	70.99 (6.07)	0.701^f
Metabolic parameters
HbA1c %, mean (SD)	7.75 (1.19)	7.99 (1.37)	0.25 (−0.15, 0.64)	0.219^a	7.79 (1.26)	8.29 (1.67)	7.70 (1.13)	7.65 (0.80)	0.169^f
Total cholesterol mmol/L, Median (IQR)	4.10 (1.08)	3.90 (1.30)	−0.20 (−0.52, 0.12)	*0.034^b	4.30 (1.23)	4.20 (1.10)	4.10 (0.93)	3.60 (1.25)	0.303^f
LDL cholesterol mmol/L, Median (IQR)	2.40 (0.83)	2.10 (1.00)	−0.30 (−0.52, −0.08)	*0.014^b	2.40 (1.13)	2.30 (0.80)	2.30 (0.70)	1.90 (0.75)	0.569^f
HDL cholesterol mmol/L, Median (IQR)	1.10 (0.40)	1.10 (0.30)	0.00 (−0.08, 0.08)	0.628^b	1.10 (0.23)	1.10 (0.28)	1.10 (0.40)	1.10 (0.30)	0.960^f
Triglycerides mmol/L, Median (IQR)	1.40 (1.15)	1.20 (1.10)	−0.20 (−0.51, 0.11)	0.348^b	1.35 (0.75)	1.30 (1.25)	1.40 (1.30)	1.10 (0.90)	0.069^f
Renal parameters
Creatinine μmol/L, mean (SD)	71.69 (19.97)	78.59 (25.01)	6.91 (−1.13, 14.94)	0.092^a	66.52 (18.89)	78.27 (24.62)	77.03 (19.95)	78.94 (25.82)	0.225^f
eGFR ml/min/1.72m², mean (SD)	93.07 (17.33)	84.62 (21.44)	−8.46 (−15.35, −1.57)	*0.017^a	97.49 (16.75)	85.18 (22.97)	88.51 (16.99)	84.02 (20.06)	0.263^f
ACR mg/mmol, Median (IQR)	1.50 (3.45)	2.20 (4.30)	0.70 (−0.81, 2.21)	0.147^b	1.25 (3.18)	1.75 (5.45)	2.15 (4.63)	2.90 (4.25)	0.484^f
Haematological parameters
Haptoglobin mg/dL, mean (SD)	109.67 (52.03)	115.76 (48.14)	6.09 (−9.28, 21.46)	0.435^a	98.98 (44.44)	101.50 (39.12)	120.36 (57.20)	132.26 (52.66)	0.536^f
Ferritin μg/L, Median (IQR)	72.00 (83.00)	58.50 (93.00)	−13.50 (−40.01, 14.01)	0.322^b	57.50 (70.00)	58.50 (107.00)	79.00 (94.00)	58.00 (90.00)	0.213^f
Transferrin g/L, mean (SD)	91.42 (77.24)	85.26 (78.16)	−6.16 (−29.98, 17.66)	0.610^a	2.51 (0.40)	2.46 (0.36)	2.35 (0.41)	2.46 (0.40)	0.210^f
Fe Concentration μmol/L, mean (SD)	12.89 (5.30)	12.75 (4.48)	−0.15 (−1.86, 1.57)	0.865^a	12.90 (4.87)	11.72 (4.68)	12.89 (5.73)	13.81 (4.07)	0.226^f
Alpha-tocopherol, μg/ml,Median (IQR)	44.02 (44.32)	43.20 (36.74)	−1.02 (−13.54, 11.51)	0.682^b	38.25 (38.04)	39.22 (33.56)	52.04 (46.30)	45.53 (44.10)	0.829^f
Vascular markers
hsCRP mg/L, Median (IQR)	1.45 (2.95)	1.50 (2.50)	0.05 (−0.76, 0.76)	0.982^b	1.90 (3.08)	1.4 (2.95)	1.20 (1.93)	1.65 (2.43)	0.356^f
dROMS, Median (IQR)	275.00 (85.00)	275.50 (115.00)	0.50 (−18.87, 22.87)	0.768^b	293.50 (87.00)	270.5 (120.00)	266.50 (85.00)	280.50 (115.0)	0.226^f
BAPs uM, Median (IQR)	2231.00 (311.0)	2191.50 (354.0)	−39.50 (−125.63, 51.63)	0.836^b	2218.0 (315.00)	2192.5 (393.00)	2252.5 (326.0)	2186.5 (418.0)	0.458^f
CIMT: Average of left and right mm, mean (SD)	0.67 (0.14)	0.67 (0.12)	−0.004 (−0.04, 0.04)	0.822^a	0.66 (0.12)	0.67 (0.13)	0.69 (0.15)	0.67 (0.12)	0.531^f
CIMT: Maximum of left and right mm, mean (SD)	0.82 (0.16)	0.81 (0.15)	−0.01 (−0.06, 0.04)	0.737^a	0.80 (0.14)	0.81 (0.15)	0.84 (0.18)	0.82 (0.15)	0.558^f
EndoPAT: LnRHI, mean (SD)	0.66 (0.27)	0.65 (0.25)	−0.02 (−0.10, 0.06)	0.690^a	0.64 (0.26)	0.68 (0.23)	0.69 (0.28)	0.61 (0.26)	0.128^f
EndoPAT: Augmentation index 75bpm%,mean (SD)	20.23 (17.52)	15.89 (12.03)	−4.34 (−8.94, 0.26)	0.064^a	19.90 (16.66)	18.48 (13.23)	20.55 (18.53)	12.89 (9.80)	0.184^f
Pulse Wave Analysis: Systolic BP mmHg, mean (SD)	118.98 (14.42)	115.32 (12.18)	−3.66 (−7.75, 0.44)	0.079^a	119.62 (12.64)	115.95 (12.32)	118.33 (16.13)	114.58 (12.13)	0.983^f
Pulse Wave Analysis: Diastolic BP mmHg,mean (SD)	77.81 (9.76)	75.70 (8.38)	−2.11 (−4.91, 0.68)	0.137^a	77.83 (8.68)	76.59 (8.51)	77.79 (10.84)	74.66 (8.22)	0.508^f
Pulse Wave Velocity m/s, mean (SD)	8.48 (1.58)	8.41 (1.64)	−0.07 (−0.56, 0.42)	0.776^a	8.34 (1.56)	8.51 (1.72)	8.62 (1.61)	8.29 (1.55)	0.330^f
SphygmoCor: Augmentation index %, mean (SD)	29.71 (13.77)	29.26 (9.96)	−0.46 (−4.15, 3.24)	0.808^a	30.85 (9.07)	29.48 (9.77)	28.60 (17.21)	29.00 (10.31)	0.637^f
Oxidised LDL IU/L, Median (IQR)	55.30 (23.98)	61.35 (25.16)	−6.05 (−15.22, 2.97)	*0.033^b	62.10 (23.55)	59.88 (23.80)	60.11 (27.86)	49.22 (21.50)	0.309^f

Variables	Hp 2-2				Non-Hp 2-2
Variables	Vitamin E	Placebo	Diff (95% CI)	p value	Vitamin E	Placebo	Diff (95% CI)	p value
(b) Subgroup analysis of final measurements at 6 months with comparisons between haptoglobin genotype and Vitamin E and placebo group
Number (%)	42 (25.30)	44 (26.51)			42 (25.30)	38 (22.89)
Time from baseline to completion visit days, Median (IQR)	176.50 (13.00)	177.00 (14.00)		0.595^b	175.50 (12.00)	177.00 (14.00)		0.417^b
Physical measurements
BMI Kg/m², mean (SD)	27.79 (5.33)	27.96 (5.36)	0.17 (−2.12, 2.46)	0.882^a	27.30 (4.54)	26.39 (4.54)	−0.92 (−2.94, 1.11)	0.370^a
Waist circumference cm, mean (SD)	91.78 (9.94)	95.17 (11.11)	3.39 (−1.14, 7.92)	0.140^a	94.17 (10.57)	92.85 (11.30)	−1.31 (−6.18, 3.55)	0.592^a
Systolic BP (Peripheral) mmHg, mean (SD)	133.21 (13.63)	128.92 (14.08)	−4.29 (−10.24, 1.65)	0.155^a	133.33 (16.51)	130.42 (12.96)	−2.91 (−9.57, 3.74)	0.386^a
Diastolic BP (Peripheral) mmHg, mean (SD)	74.61 (8.30)	72.78 (7.51)	−1.82 (−5.21, 1.57)	0.288^a	73.75 (9.09)	70.99 (6.07)	−2.76 (−6.24, 0.72)	0.118^a
Metabolic parameters
HbA1c %, mean (SD)	7.79 (1.26)	8.29 (1.67)	0.49 (−0.14, 1.13)	0.127^a	7.70 (1.13)	7.65 (0.80)	−0.05 (−0.49, 0.39)	0.820^a
Total cholesterol mmol/L, Median (IQR)	4.30 (1.23)	4.20 (1.10)	−0.10 (−0.59, 0.39)^e	0.473^b	4.10 (0.93)	3.60 (1.25)	−0.50 (−0.94, −0.06)^e	*0.016^b
LDL cholesterol mmol/L, Median (IQR)	2.40 (1.13)	2.30 (0.80)	−0.10 (−0.52, 0.32)^e	0.410^b	2.30 (0.70)	1.90 (0.75)	−0.40 (−0.72, −0.08)^e	*0.006^b
HDL cholesterol mmol/L, Median (IQR)	1.10 (0.23)	1.10 (0.28)	0.00 (−0.10, 0.10)^e	0.972^b	1.10 (0.40)	1.10 (0.30)	0.00 (−0.15, 0.15) ^e	0.478^b
Triglycerides mmol/L, Median (IQR)	1.35 (0.75)	1.30 (1.25)	−0.05 (−0.49, 0.29)^e	0.819^b	1.40 (1.30)	1.10 (0.90)	−0.30 (−0.83, 0.23)^e	0.110^b
Renal parameters
Creatinine μmol/L, mean (SD)	66.52 (18.89)	78.27 (24.62)	11.76 (0.74, 22.77)	*0.037^a	77.03 (19.95)	78.94 (25.82)	1.90 (−9.95,13.75)	0.749^a
eGFR ml/min/1.72m², mean (SD)	97.49 (16.75)	85.18 (22.97)	−12.32 (−22.42,−2.22)	*0.017^a	88.51 (16.99)	84.02 (20.06)	−4.48 (−14.02,5.06)	0.351^a
ACR mg/mmol, Median (IQR)	1.25 (3.18)	1.75 (5.45)	0.50 (−1.53, 2.73)^e	0.093^b	2.15 (4.63)	2.90 (4.25)	0.75 (−0.46, 2.86)^e	0.691^b
Haematological parameters
Haptoglobin mg/dL, mean (SD)	98.98 (44.44)	101.50 (39.12)	2.52 (−15.41, 20.46)	0.780^a	120.36 (57.20)	132.26 (52.66)	11.91 (12.65,36.4)	0.337^a
Ferritin μg/L, Median (IQR)	57.50 (70.00)	58.50 (107.00)	1.0 (−33.55, 37.55)^e	0.701^b	79.00 (94.00)	58.00 (90.00)	21.0 (−60.28,22.28)^e	0.089^b
Transferrin g/L, mean (SD)	2.51 (0.40)	2.46 (0.36)	−0.04 (−0.21, 0.12)	0.597^a	2.35 (0.41)	2.46 (0.40)	0.11 (−0.07, 0.29)	0.228^a
Fe Concentration μmol/L, mean (SD)	12.90 (4.87)	11.72 (4.68)	−1.18 (−3.59, 1.22)	0.329^a	12.89 (5.73)	13.81 (4.07)	0.92 (−1.55, 3.40)	0.460^a
Alpha-tocopherol, μg/ml,Median (IQR)	38.25 (38.04)	39.22 (33.56)	0.97 (−15.21,16.98)^e	0.789^b	52.04 (46.30)	45.53 (44.10)	−6.51 (−27.12,13.4)^e	0.765^b
Vascular markers
hsCRP mg/L, Median (IQR)	1.90 (3.08)	1.4 (2.95)	−0.50 (−1.74, 0.74)^e	0.441^b	1.20 (1.93)	1.65 (2.43)	0.45 (−0.48, 1.48)^e	0.390^b
dROMS, Median (IQR)	293.50 (87.00)	270.5 (120.00)	−23.0 (−59.08, 25.08)^e	0.267^b	266.50 (85.00)	280.50 (115.0)	14.0 (−28.45,50.45)^e	0.544^b
BAPs uM, Median (IQR)	2218.0 (315.00)	2192.5 (393.00)	−25.5 (−169.9,105.87)^e	0.717^b	2252.5 (326.0)	2186.5 (418.0)	−66.0 (−206.8,87.8)^e	0.965^b
CIMT: Average of left and right mm, mean (SD)	0.66 (0.12)	0.67 (0.13)	0.01 (−0.05, 0.06)	0.754^a	0.69 (0.15)	0.67 (0.12)	−0.02 (−0.08, 0.04)	0.579^a
CIMT: Maximum of left and right mm, mean (SD)	0.80 (0.14)	0.81 (0.15)	0.01 (−0.06, 0.07)	0.839^a	0.84 (0.18)	0.82 (0.15)	−0.02 (−0.09, 0.05)	0.556^a
EndoPAT: LnRHI, mean (SD)	0.64 (0.26)	0.68 (0.23)	0.04 (−0.06, 0.15)	0.418^a	0.69 (0.28)	0.61 (0.26)	−0.08 (−0.20, 0.04)	0.194^a
EndoPAT: Augmentation index 75bpm%,mean (SD)	19.90 (16.66)	18.48 (13.23)	−1.43 (−7.86, 5.01)	0.660^a	20.55 (18.53)	12.89 (9.80)	−7.65 (−14.36,−0.95)	*0.022^a
Pulse Wave Analysis: Systolic BP mmHg, mean (SD)	119.62 (12.64)	115.95 (12.32)	−3.67 (−9.02, 1.69)	0.177^a	118.33 (16.13)	114.58 (12.13)	−3.75 (−10.16,2.65)	0.247^a
Pulse Wave Analysis: Diastolic BP mmHg,mean (SD)	77.83 (8.68)	76.59 (8.51)	−1.24 (−4.93, 2.45)	0.505^a	77.79 (10.84)	74.66 (8.22)	−3.13 (−7.45, 1.19)	0.153^a
Pulse Wave Velocity m/s, mean (SD)	8.34 (1.56)	8.51 (1.72)	0.17 (−0.54, 0.87)	0.641^a	8.62 (1.61)	8.29 (1.55)	−0.32 (−1.03, 0.38)	0.362^a
SphygmoCor: Augmentation index %, mean (SD)	30.85 (9.07)	29.48 (9.77)	−1.38 (−5.45, 2.70)	0.503^a	28.60 (17.21)	29.00 (10.31)	0.41 (−6.00, 6.81)	0.900^a
Oxidised LDL IU/L, Median (IQR)	62.10 (23.55)	59.88 (23.80)	−2.22 (−11.43,7.05)^e	0.484^b	60.11 (27.86)	49.22 (21.50)	−10.89 (−22.2,−0.75) ^e	*0.012^b

DM Diabetes mellitus, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate by CKD-EPI formula, ACR albumin creatinine ratio, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, Fe iron, hsCRP highly sensitive c-reactive protein, dROMS derivatives of reactive-oxygen species, BAP Biological antioxidant potential, CIMT carotid artery intima media thickness, LnRHI log reactive-hyperaemia index.
^aIndependent Sample T test.
^bMann–Whitney U test.
^cPearson Chi-Square test.
^dFisher Exact test.
^eThe median difference was derived by quantile regression.
^fInteraction test between hp genotype and Vitamin E placebo group. *P < 0.05.

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Table 2 (a) Final measurements at 6 months with comparisons between Vitamin E and placebo group and results of interaction test with haptoglobin genotype. (b) Subgroup analysis of final measurements at 6 months with comparisons between haptoglobin genotype and Vitamin E and placebo group.

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