Fig. 1: Association between early life famine exposure and HOMA-IR in male and female subjects.

Data were unstandardized coefficients (95% confidence interval), which were calculated by linear regression analyses. Fetal (birth year 1959–1962) and childhood (birth year 1949–1958) famine exposure were combined as early life famine exposure group (birth year 1949–1962). Male born before 1949 and 1963–1972, and female born before 1949 and 1963–1969 were age-balanced non-exposed reference. Model 1 was adjusted for urbanization, severity of famine exposure, and current smoker. Model 2 was adjusted for terms for model 1, and waist circumference. Model 3 was adjusted for terms for model 2, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.