Table 1 General characteristics of subjects.

From: The independent association between vitamin B12 and insomnia in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study

 

T2DM without insomnia(n = 317)

T2DM with insomnia(n = 101)

P-value

Age (year)

58.33 ± 13.33

62.36 ± 11.80

<0.01

Female, n (%)

125 (39.43)

52 (51.49)

0.03

Duration (month)

108 (24–180)

120 (60–192)

0.04

Drinker, n (%)

111 (35.02)

24 (23.76)

0.04

Smoker, n (%)

141 (44.48)

35 (34.65)

0.08

BMI (kg/m2)

24.77 ± 3.84

24.40 ± 4.54

0.18

SBP (mmHg)

136.27 ± 20.03

135.85 ± 22.40

0.81

DBP (mmHg)

79.20 ± 12.00

77.82 ± 13.33

0.27

HbA1C (%)

9.64 ± 2.38

9.12 ± 2.52

0.09

F-CP (ng/ml)

1.82 (1.19–3.22)

2.02 (1.51–3.25)

0.39

TC (mmol/L)

4.43 ± 1.33

4.26 ± 1.55

0.16

TG (mmol/L)

1.24 (1.05–1.59)

1.17 (0.97–1.58)

0.20

LDL (mmol/L)

2.62 ± 1.07

2.39 ± 0.98

0.09

HDL (mmol/L)

1.07 ± 0.37

1.15 ± 0.39

0.02

ALT (IU/L)

18 (13–33)

20 (14–28)

0.69

AST (IU/L)

16 (13–23)

18 (14–22)

0.35

Cr (μmol/L)

64.50 (53.00–80.25)

66.00 (50.00–86.00)

0.60

UA (μmol/L)

336.68 ± 100.78

308.86 ± 95.08

0.02

Hb (g)

135.85 ± 20.03

131.66 ± 19.32

0.02

FT3 (pg/ml)

3.13 ± 0.49

3.11 ± 0.42

0.69

FT4 (ng/dl)

0.98 ± 0.16

0.98 ± 0.16

0.82

TSH (μIU/ml)

1.94 (1.27–2.80)

2.23 (1.35–3.45)

0.05

Cortisol (nmol/L)

355.10 ± 119.22

360.56 ± 138.52

0.71

ACTH (pg/ml)

33.21 ± 18.18

35.47 ± 21.90

0.58

Dietary supplement, n (%)

Vitamin B complex

4 (1.26)

2 (1.98)

0.96

Vitamin D

11 (3.47)

2 (1.98)

0.67

Calcium

13 (4.10)

3 (2.97)

0.82

Multivitamin formula with minerals

12 (3.79)

8 (7.92)

0.09

Mecobalamin

45 (14.10)

25 (25.00)

0.03

DPN, n (%)

152 (47.95)

59 (58.42)

0.09

Use of Metformin, n (%)

201 (63.41)

60 (59.40)

0.47

Use of Insulin, n (%)

163 (51.42)

57 (56.44)

0.38

PSQI summed score

4.69 ± 2.24

12.01 ± 2.99

<0.01

 C1 (sleep quality)

0.92 ± 0.55

2.06 ± 0.56

<0.01

 C2 (sleep-onset latency)

0.79 ± 0.90

2.38 ± 0.93

<0.01

 C3 (sleep duration)

0.46 ± 0.68

1.89 ± 0.99

<0.01

 C4 (sleep efficiency)

0.21 ± 0.52

1.85 ± 1.04

<0.01

 C5 (sleep disturbance)

1.04 ± 0.32

1.50 ± 0.52

<0.01

 C6 (medications)

0.06 ± 0.40

0.21 ± 0.73

0.01

 C7 (daytime dysfunction)

1.21 ± 0.91

2.12 ± 0.90

<0.01

  1. Data are means ± SD or median (interquartile ranges) or number (percentage) for the indicated number of patients in each group. P values for comparisons between groups are based on unpaired t-test or Mann–Whitney Test (when the data are not normally distributed) or χ2 test. Bold entries represent significant p values. The P < 0.05 is considered to be significant.
  2. BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FC-P fasting C-peptide, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides, HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, Cr creatinine, UA uric acids, Hb hemoglobin, DPN diabetic peripheral neuropathy, PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.
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