Table 3 Changes of results of biochemistry tests, anthropometric and diabetic medications at the end of the 18-month intervention trial and 1 year after.

From: The potential prolonged effect at one-year follow-up after 18-month randomized controlled trial of a 90 g/day low-carbohydrate diet in patients with type 2 diabetes

Characteristics

Group

Baseline

18 months

Between group

30 months

Between group

Within group

Mean of percentage change

Between group

ap value

bp value

cp value

dp value

Glycemic control

 HbA1c (%)

TDD

8.5 ± 0.9

7.6 ± 1.0

0.000*

7.7 ± 1.0

0.017*

0.519

1.80 (−1.87 ~ 5.46)

0.2417

LCD

8.4 ± 0.9

6.9 ± 0.6

 

7.2 ± 0.8

 

0.006*

22.12 (7.44 ~ 36.80)

 

 Fasting glucose (mg/dl)

TDD

159.5 ± 33.8

154.9 ± 37.1

0.008*

142.8 ± 44.7

0.579

0.168

−4.12 (−14.79 ~ 6.54)

0.2206

LCD

160.6 ± 44.7

133.6 ± 27.9

 

137.3 ± 38.6

 

0.531

8.22 (−0.01 ~ 16.46)

 

 2-h glucose (mg/dl)

TDD

227.8 ± 56.8

215,1 ± 73.5

0.000*

217.3 ± 67.8

0.000*

0.881

9.52 (−4.78 ~ 23.81)

0.2161

LCD

227.2 ± 65.4

133.8 ± 25.2

 

161.5 ± 58.7

 

0.005*

31.38 (11.24 ~ 51.51)

 

Lipids

 Cholesterol (mg/dl)

TDD

177.0 ± 32.7

169.5 ± 29.6

0.588

174.5 ± 34.6

0.269

0.463

5.30 (−3.38 ~ 13.97)

0.6207

LCD

179.3 ± 34.4

173.±32.0

 

184.2 ± 38.3

 

0.078

8.22 (−0.01 ~ 16.46)

 

 Triglyceride (mg/dl)

TDD

179.2 ± 118.5

163.1 ± 88.3

0.052

154.5 ± 54.0

0.779

0.625

8.82 (−5.48 ~ 23.11)

0.0683

LCD

156.3 ± 70.7

128.0 ± 59.0

 

160.3 ± 107.4

 

0.044*

31.38 (11.24 ~ 51.51)

 

 LDL (mg/dl)

TDD

105.7 ± 25.8

101.4 ± 26.7

0.618

101.2 ± 31.1

0.832

0.966

4.12 (−9.26 ~ 17.50)

0.6314

LCD

101.8 ± 27.2

98.3 ± 26.8

 

102.8 ± 33.6

 

0.301

8.50 (−4.23 ~ 21.23)

 

 HDL (mg/dl)

TDD

44.6 ± 9.8

45.9 ± 8.3

 

49.7 ± 14.5

 

0.09

9.13 (−0.62 ~ 18.89)

0.0391*

LCD

47.4 ± 10.3

52.5 ± 11.8

0.008*

51.5 ± 13.6

0.588

0.376

−1.97 (−6.18 ~ 2.24)

 

Other laboratory

 Creatinine (mg /dl)

TDD

0.82 ± 0.28

0.87 ± 0.31

0.759

0.95 ± 0.39

0.742

0.068

9.89 (−2.72 ~ 22.50)

0.3109

LCD

0.86 ± 0.24

0.89 ± 0.23

 

0.92 ± 0.27

 

0.124

3.22 (−0.71 ~ 7.15)

 

 ALT (mg/dl)

TDD

24.4 ± 12.8

22.8 ± 14.8

0.017*

20.6 ± 11.5

0.017*

0.302

0.82 (−10.90 ~ 12.55)

0.7727

LCD

23.5 ± 16.5

16.1 ± 5.6

 

16.5 ± 10.57

 

0.838

3.85 (−13.77 ~ 21.46)

 

 Microalbumin/cre (U)

TDD

0.09 ± 0.17

0.11 ± 0.26

0.659

0.19 ± 0.44

0.278

0.254

192.56 (51.48 ~ 333.64)

0.2407

LCD

0.32 ± 0.88

0.14 ± 0.37

 

0.36 ± 0.79

 

0.07

2815.45 (−1643.53 ~ 7274.42)

 

Blood pressure

 Systolic (mmHg)

TDD

130.5 ± 12.3

132.4 ± 11.5

0.000*

129.4 ± 14.1

0.419

0.167

−2.06 (−5.32 ~ 1.20)

0.0013*

LCD

131.8 ± 13.2

123.1 ± 9.9

 

132.2 ± 15.4

 

0.005*

8.06 (2.95 ~ 13.18)

 

 Diastolic (mmHg)

TDD

74.9 ± 9.1

76.3 ± 9.9

0.018*

74.7 ± 101

0.782

0.434

−0.89 (−6.44 ~ 4.66)

0.0619

LCD

76.4 ± 9.9

71.4 ± 7.0

 

75.4 ± 9.6

 

0.05

6.57 (0.83 ~ 12.31)

 

Anthropometric

 Body weight (kg)

TDD

67.5 ± 11.6

66.7 ± 12.0

0.712

66.2 ± 12.7

0.662

0.291

−0.82 (−2.31 ~ 0.67)

0.6036

LCD

70.2 ± 14.8

67.8 ± 13.3

 

67.6 ± 13.4

 

0.551

−0.32 (−1.57 ~ 0.92)

 

 BMI (kg/m2)

TDD

26.5 ± 3.4

25.9 ± 2.9

0.392

25.7 ± 3.1

0.399

0.239

−0.89 (−2.37 ~ 0.59)

0.8923

LCD

27.7 ± 4.8

26.7 ± 4.4

 

26.5 ± 4.4

 

0.199

−0.76 (−2.01 ~ 0.49)

 

 Fat (%)

TDD

35.0 ± 7.9

35.4 ± 7.3

0.813

35.2 ± 7.0

0.875

0.605

−0.22 (−2.57 ~ 2.13)

0.9604

LCD

36.7 ± 8.1

35.9 ± 8.5

 

35.5 ± 7.7

 

0.437

−0.12 (−3.58 ~ 3.34)

 

 Waist circumference (cm)

TDD

93.4 ± 8.2

91.2 ± 7.8

0.341

91.0 ± 8.7

0.266

0.684

−0.27 (−1.48 ~ 0.94)

0.6173

LCD

94.6 ± 12.1

89.3 ± 9.2

 

88.6 ± 9.2

 

0.25

−0.71 (−2.00 ~ 0.59)

 

 Hip circumference (cm)

TDD

99.2 ± 7.9

95.6 ± 6.9

0.664

95.4 ± 7.2

0.559

0.569

−0.23 (−1.07 ~ 0.60)

0.5894

LCD

100.9 ± 10.3

94.9 ± 7.6

 

94.3 ± 7.8

 

0.174

−0.55 (−1.36 ~ 0.27)

 

 Thigh circumference (cm)

TDD

50.7 ± 7.3

45.7 ± 3.8

0.411

45.7 ± 4.1

0.205

0.908

0.08 (−1.02 ~ 1.19)

0.2733

LCD

50.4 ± 7.0

44.9 ± 4.5

 

44.4 ± 4.4

 

0.162

−0.86 (−2.21 ~ 0.48)

 

Diabetic medication

 Types of medications

TDD

2.7 ± 1.1

2.6 ± 1.0

0.261

2.7 ± 0.9

0.162

0.057

13.81 (2.17 ~ 25.45)

0.5342

LCD

2.6 ± 1.6

2.3 ± 1.4

0.042*

2.4 ± 1.2

0.158

0.201

8.33 (−5.27 ~ 21.93)

 

 Number of medications

TDD

5.9 ± 3.7

5.7 ± 3.4

 

5.5 ± 3.0

 

0.971

8.85 (−8.61 ~ 26.31)

0.2692

LCD

5.6 ± 4.2

4.1 ± 3.3

 

4.5 ± 3.0

 

0.581

23.40 (3.25 ~ 43.54)

 

 MES

TDD

2.2 ± 1.4

2.1 ± 1.1

0.003*

2.3 ± 1.0

0.009*

0.127

19.92 (1.93 ~ 37.90)

0.513

LCD

1.9 ± 1.4

1.4 ± 1.0

 

1.6 ± 1.0

 

0.030*

29.17 (6.69 ~ 51.65)

 
  1. TDD traditional diabetic diet (n = 35), LCD low carbohydrate diet (n = 36), LDL low density lipoprotein, HDL high density lipoprotein, ALT alanine aminotransferase, BMI body mass index, MES medication effect score.
  2. Data were mean ± SD *p < 0.05.
  3. ap-value: The difference between the TDD and LCD group at 18 months by an independent t-test.
  4. bp-value: The difference between the TDD and LCD group at 30 months by an independent t-test.
  5. cp-value: The mean of percentage change from 18 to 30 months within groups by a paired t-test.
  6. dp-value: The mean of percentage change from 18 to 30 months between groups by an independent t-test.
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