Fig. 2: Development and validation of the nomogram model.

Developed nomogram for diabetic retinopathy (A), and the ROC curve and decision curves analysis curve of the Nomogram model, Rhee et al. model, Aspelund et al. model, Hippisley-Cox and Coupland model, and Dagliati et al. model in the training set (B, C) and testing set (D, E). Notes: nomogram model, thiamine triphosphate, systolic blood pressure, duration of diabetes; Rhee et al. model, glutamine/glutamate ratio; Aspelund et al. model, gender, systolic blood pressure, duration of diabetes and glycated hemoglobin; Hippisley-Cox and Coupland model, age, BMI, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio, glycated hemoglobin; Dagliati et al. model, age, gender, duration of diabetes, BMI, glycated hemoglobin, hypertension, smoke; none, net benefit when all patients are considered as not having the outcome (diabetic retinopathy); all, net benefits when all patients are considered as having the outcome. The preferred model is the model with the highest net benefit at any given threshold. Abbreviations: MEDN430 thiamine triphosphate, sBp systolic blood pressure, DM_duration duration of diabetes.