Table 1 Baseline characteristics of Jackson Heart Study Participants by 25(OH) vitamin-D categories (Institute of Medicine).

From: The association of serum vitamin D with incident diabetes in an African American population

  

Vitamin-D concentration (ng⁄mL)

 

Baseline characteristicsa

All, n = 3311

Less than 12, n = 1283

12–19.9, n = 1365

20+, n = 663

P value

Age

53.31 (12.48)

50.26 (12.02)

53.98 (12.34)

57.80 (12.09)

<0.0001

Female, sex (%)

63.30

72.72

58.75

54.45

<0.0001

Education >bachelor's degree (%)

37.03

36.94

35.24

40.87

0.0477

Occupation, management/professional (%)

38.95

39.36

37.36

41.45

0.1942

Current smoking (%)

11.96

13.27

12.41

8.51

0.0076

Current alcohol use (%)

49.98

51.21

49.15

49.32

0.5317

AHA physical activityb

    

<0.0001

 Poor (%)

45.05

49.18

44.47

38.22

 

 Intermediate (%)

33.53

32.42

34.87

32.93

 

 Ideal (%)

21.42

18.39

20.66

28.85

 

AHA dietary intakeb

    

<0.0001

 Poor (%)

63.79

68.43

64.25

53.85

 

 Intermediate (%)

35.52

31.18

35.16

44.65

 

 Ideal (%)

0.69

0.39

0.59

1.51

 

Vegetables (servings/day)

1.46 (0.69)

1.48 (0.7)

1.45 (0.7)

1.45 (0.68)

0.2385

Fruit (servings/day)

1.53 (1.17)

1.50 (1.32)

1.51 (1.04)

1.61 (1.11)

0.0004

Body-mass index (kg/m2)c

31.20 (7.04)

32.62 (7.79)

30.76 (6.62)

29.34 (5.65)

<0.0001

Waist circumference (cm)d

98.65 (15.64)

100.60 (17.1)

98.16 (14.97)

95.86 (13.36)

<0.0001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

124.97 (17.43)

123.78 (16.87)

125.36 (17.72)

126.47 (17.77)

0.0020

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

79.37 (10.37)

79.22 (10.36)

79.74 (10.49)

78.88 (10.14)

0.1014

Glucose (mg/dl)

90.30 (8.9)

90.50 (8.97)

90.11 (8.94)

90.30 (8.7)

0.5624

Hemoglobin A1c %e

5.50 (0.47)

5.50 (0.47)

5.49 (0.48)

5.52 (0.43)

0.7440

ln HOMA-IRf

1.11 (0.55)

1.17 (0.55)

1.10 (0.55)

1.02 (0.55)

<0.0001

ln HOMA-βf

5.28 (0.51)

5.33 (0.51)

5.28 (0.52)

5.18 (0.49)

<0.0001

Aldosterone (ng/dl)

5.49 (4.6)

5.16 (5)

5.59 (4.4)

5.91 (4.12)

<0.0001

hs-CRP (mg/dl)g

0.47 (0.71)

0.55 (0.77)

0.41 (0.64)

0.43 (0.72)

<0.0001

Diabetes incidence rate/1000 PY

24.33

26.19

24.39

20.66

 
  1. aMean (SD) or percentages are listed, P values were calculated using two (categorical variables), ANOVA (parametric continuous variables), and Kruskal–Wallis test (nonparametric continuous variables).
  2. bPhysical activity and dietary intake recommendations were defined by AHA 2020 guidelines. Physical activity was considered ideal if the participant achieved 150 min/wk or greater of moderate-intensity or 75 min/wk or greater of vigorous-intensity physical activity [29]. Dietary intake was considered ideal if the participant met four to five of the five following recommendations: fruits and vegetables of 4.5 cups/d or more; fish of two 3.5-oz servings per week or more (preferably oily fish); fiber-rich whole grains of three 1-oz-equivalent servings per day or more; sodium 1500 mg/d or less; and sugar-sweetened beverages of 450 kcal (36 oz)/wk or less [29].
  3. cBody-mass index—n = 3311 (<12 n = 1283, 12–19.9 n = 1365, 20+ n = 663).
  4. dWaist circumference—n = 3311 (<12 n = 1283, 12–19.9 n = 1365, 20+ n = 663).
  5. eHemoglobin A1c—n = 3261 (<12 n = 1261, 12–19.9 n = 1348, 20+ n = 652).
  6. fHOMA-IR and HOMA-β—n = 3188 (<12 n = 1248, 12–19.9 n = 1303, 20+ n = 637).
  7. gHigh sensitivity-C reactive protein—n = 3310 (<12 n = 1282, 12–19.9 n = 1365, 20+ n = 663).
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