Fig. 3: Effects of 18 h ADF on plasma levels of metabolic hormones and growth factors in normal weight mice.

a–c Plasma levels of leptin at P34 and P40; d–f Plasma levels of insulin at P34 and P40; g–i Plasma levels of GH at P34 and P40; j–l Plasma levels of IGF-1 at P34 and P40. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, and p-values were calculated using the unpaired Student’s t test and the Mann–Whitney test. Each data point corresponds to an individual mouse. The data represent two separate experiments.