Fig. 2: Linear and non-linear associations of dietary fiber types and carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio with metabolic outcomes in the acarbose group.

Linear associations of vegetable fiber with HbA1c (A); legume fiber with 2hPPG (B); non-linear associations of carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio with 2hPPG (C) and HDL-C (D) in acarbose group. Abbreviations HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; 2hPPG, 2-h postprandial plasma glucose. For both linear and RCS regression, adjustments were made for fixed effects such as the duration of intervention, duration of diabetes, sex, age, and total energy intake. Additionally, the center and individual were adjusted as random effects.