Fig. 3: Linear and non-linear associations of dietary fiber types and carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio with metabolic outcomes in the metformin group.

Linear associations of legume fiber with BMI (A), FBG (B) and 2hPPG (C); whole grain fiber with DBP (D); non-linear associations of carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio with AUC for serum insulin (E) and BMI (F) in metformin group. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, DBP diastolic blood pressure, TFBG fasting blood glucose, 2hPPG 2-h postprandial plasma glucose, AUC area under the curve. For both linear and RCS regression, adjustments were made for fixed effects such as the duration of intervention, duration of diabetes, sex, age, and total energy intake. Additionally, the center and individual were adjusted as random effects.