Table 1 Characteristics of participants based on gestational weight gain trajectory classes among women without and with GDM.
Variables | Women without GDM | Women with GDM | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Slow-Rapid pattern | Moderate pattern | Rapid-Slow pattern | P | Slow-Rapid pattern | Moderate pattern | Rapid-Slow pattern | P | |
N (%) | 2477 (22.6) | 7337 (66.8) | 1170 (10.6) | 714 (29.2) | 1478 (60.6) | 248 (10.2) | ||
Age (years) | 28.29 (4.00) | 28.77 (3.87) | 28.98 (4.03) | <0.001 | 30.06 (4.32) | 30.42 (4.24) | 31.15 (4.38) | 0.003 |
Pre-pregnant BMI (kg/m2) | 21.94 (3.20) | 21.20 (2.79) | 20.93 (2.74) | <0.001 | 22.89 (3.77) | 22.06 (3.16) | 22.24 (3.45) | <0.001 |
Pre-pregnant BMI categories, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Underweight/normal weight | 1933 (78.0) | 6272 (85.5) | 1028 (87.9) | 486 (68.1) | 1123 (76.0) | 192 (77.4) | ||
Overweight/obesity | 544 (22.0) | 1065 (14.5) | 142 (12.1) | 228 (31.9) | 355 (24.0) | 56 (22.6) | ||
Maternal height (cm) | 161.50 (4.73) | 161.16 (4.64) | 161.54 (4.66) | 0.001 | 160.66 (5.33) | 160.67 (4.59) | 160.61 (4.84) | 0.983 |
Gravidity | 1.93 (1.14) | 2.02 (1.20) | 2.08 (1.22) | <0.001 | 2.04 (1.20) | 2.18 (1.46) | 2.39 (1.30) | 0.002 |
Parity, n (%) | 0.051 | 0.228 | ||||||
Primipara | 1620 (65.4) | 4612 (62.9) | 726 (62.1) | 418 (58.5) | 845 (57.2) | 125 (50.4) | ||
Multipara | 718 (29.0) | 2333 (31.8) | 368 (31.5) | 261 (36.6) | 547 (37.0) | 107 (43.1) | ||
Unknown | 139 (5.6) | 392 (5.3) | 76 (6.5) | 35 (4.9) | 86 (5.8) | 16 (6.5) | ||
Maternal educational level, n (%) | 0.129 | 0.034 | ||||||
Junio high school or less | 385 (15.5) | 1038 (14.1) | 200 (17.1) | 118 (16.5) | 248 (16.8) | 46 (18.5) | ||
Senior high school | 311 (12.6) | 895 (12.2) | 141 (12.1) | 97 (13.6) | 183 (12.4) | 45 (18.1) | ||
College or higher | 1156 (46.7) | 3443 (46.9) | 527 (45.0) | 289 (40.5) | 662 (44.8) | 106 (42.7) | ||
Unknown | 625 (25.2) | 1961 (26.7) | 302 (25.8) | 210 (29.4) | 385 (26.0) | 51 (20.6) | ||
Delivery mode, n (%) | 0.385 | 0.624 | ||||||
Vaginal delivery | 1458 (58.9) | 4477 (61.0) | 717 (61.3) | 383 (53.6) | 819 (55.4) | 128 (51.6) | ||
Cesarean section | 950 (38.4) | 2656 (36.2) | 423 (36.2) | 312 (43.7) | 630 (42.6) | 113 (45.6) | ||
Unknown | 69 (2.8) | 204 (2.8) | 30 (2.6) | 19 (2.7) | 29 (2.0) | 7 (2.8) | ||
Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 39.10 (1.18) | 39.14 (1.12) | 39.24 (1.12) | 0.004 | 39.02 (1.10) | 39.03 (1.10) | 38.83 (1.13) | 0.028 |
Gender, n (%) | 0.101 | 0.136 | ||||||
Male | 1268 (51.2) | 3778 (51.5) | 640 (54.7) | 370 (51.8) | 817 (55.3) | 145 (58.5) | ||
Female | 1209 (48.8) | 3559 (48.5) | 530 (45.3) | 344 (48.2) | 661 (44.7) | 103 (41.5) | ||
Birth weight (g) | 3302.93 (408.15) | 3340.38 (391.72) | 3423.09 (395.01) | <0.001 | 3349.12 (445.83) | 3362.43 (405.70) | 3404.80 (435.05) | 0.199 |
Duration of exclusive breastfeeding, n (%) | 0.433 | 0.110 | ||||||
< 3 months | 4262 (58.1) | 1475 (59.5) | 688 (58.8) | 857 (58.0) | 441 (61.8) | 157 (63.3) | ||
≥ 3 months | 3075 (41.9) | 1002 (40.5) | 482 (41.2) | 621 (42.0) | 273 (38.2) | 91 (36.7) |
