Table 4 Associations between gestational weight gain trajectory and offspring anthropometric outcomes from 1 to 36 months among women without and with GDM.

From: Gestational weight trajectory and early offspring growth differed by gestational diabetes: a population-based cohort study

Measure

Women without GDM

Women with GDM

Slow-Rapid pattern

Moderate pattern

Rapid-Slow pattern

Slow-Rapid pattern

Moderate pattern

Rapid-Slow pattern

Weight z-scores

Mean (SD)

0.47 (0.92)

0.48 (0.90)

0.58 (0.90)

0.48 (0.91)

0.44 (0.89)

0.56 (0.94)

β (se)

−0.027 (0.018)

Ref.

0.103 (0.024) ‡

0.023 (0.035)

Ref.

0.137 (0.055) *

Adjusted β (se)

−0.001 (0.015)

Ref.

0.026 (0.021)

0.029 (0.030)

Ref.

0.093 (0.046) *

Length z-scores

Mean (SD)

0.48 (0.92)

0.51 (0.90)

0.62 (0.91)

0.47 (0.87)

0.50 (0.91)

0.56 (0.89)

β (se)

−0.074 (0.019) ‡

Ref.

0.132 (0.025) ‡

−0.041 (0.036)

Ref.

0.099 (0.056)

Adjusted β (se)

−0.096 (0.018) ‡

Ref.

0.099 (0.023) ‡

−0.042 (0.033)

Ref.

0.080 (0.051)

BMI z-scores

Mean (SD)

0.26 (0.97)

0.25 (0.95)

0.30 (0.94)

0.28 (1.00)

0.21 (0.94)

0.33 (1.02)

β (se)

0.020 (0.017)

Ref.

0.039 (0.023)

0.064 (0.035)

Ref.

0.114 (0.053) *

Adjusted β (se)

0.020 (0.016)

Ref.

−0.001 (0.021)

0.047 (0.033)

Ref.

0.113 (0.052) *

Overweight/obesity

N (%)

4394 (21.6)

12798 (21.1)

2201 (22.5)

1309 (22.6)

2462 (20.0)

535 (26.1)

OR (95%CI)

1.04 (0.97,1.13)

Ref.

1.06 (0.96,1.18)

1.16 (1.00,1.35)

Ref.

1.42 (1.14,1.78) ‡

Adjusted OR (95%CI)

0.98 (0.91,1.06)

Ref.

1.03 (0.93,1.15)

1.09 (0.94,1.28)

Ref.

1.40 (1.11,1.76) ‡

  1. Adjusted for maternal age, maternal educational levels, parity, gravidity, gestational age at delivery, mode of delivery, early-pregnancy weight, maternal height, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, anthropometric measurements at birth.
  2. BMI body mass index, CI confidence intervals, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, OR odds ratio.
  3. *P < 0.05; ‡P < 0.005.
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