Fig. 1: Expression of ALDH genes impacts the survival of NSCLC patients.

a Frequencies of amplification (red bar), deletion (blue bar), and mRNA upregulation (empty bar) for ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, and ALDH3A1 in lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma, based on analysis of TCGA data (GISTIC2 analysis, cBioPortal). The percentages shown indicate the overall rates of gene amplification, upregulation and/or deletion in each subtype of NSCLC. The vertical aligned bars indicate samples from the same patient. b Representative protein expression profile for ALDHs based on immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays. The figure shows normal pneumocytes exhibiting negative or low expression of ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, and ALDH3A1 vs. medium to high protein expression in lung cancer. The images were obtained from the tissue section of the Human Protein Atlas project [24]. The annotated protein expression includes an evaluation of the staining intensity and percentage of stained cells. c Flow diagram summarizing the patient inclusion and exclusion criteria and Kaplan–Meier survival curves based on ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, and ALDH3A1 expression. The vertical symbols represent censored cases. d Prognostic impact of ALDH1A1 expression on OS according to tumor grade.