Fig. 2: Chemerin is a GBM cell-derived prognostic factor that promotes the mesenchymal features of GBM.

A Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of GBM based on high (> median level) or low (< median level) RARRES2 expression levels. MS: median survival. n = 152 in TCGA cohort; n = 180 in Rembrandt cohort; n = 155 in Gravendeel cohort. B Real-time PCR analysis of RARRES2 in clinical tissue samples. Adjacent sample, n = 3; LGG sample, n = 13; GBM sample, n = 8. C Representative IHC images and staining quantification of chemerin expression in glioma samples. Scale bars: 50 μm. LGG sample, n = 10; GBM sample, n = 28. D t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) plot of RARRES2 in GSM3828672 single-cell RNA sequencing dataset. E Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of chemerin expression in the supernatant from GBM cells and normal human astrocyte (NHA). n = 3. F Representative IHC images and staining quantification of indicated mesenchymal markers in GBM tissues with low and high chemerin expression. Scale bars: 50 μm. Low chemerin expression group, n = 16; High chemerin group, n = 14. G Heatmap of Verhaak mesenchymal subtype identification scores and mesenchymal GSVA scores of indicated rTNF-α or rChemerin treated GSCs. n = 3. H Representative images and cell count quantification of the migration and invasion analysis of rTNF-α treated, rChemerin treated, or chemerin overexpressed GSCs. n = 3. I Western blotting analysis of mesenchymal markers in indicated rTNF-α treated, rChemerin treated, or chemerin overexpressed GSCs. Data is presented as means ± SD. Differences in survival were analyzed using log-rank tests. Statistical significance in (B), (C), and (F) was analyzed using Student’s t test. Statistical significance in (E), (G), and (H) was analyzed using one-way ANOVA analyses. ns not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.