Table 2 Preclinical studies testing triple combinations of anti-angiogenic therapy, immune checkpoint blockades, and radiotherapy among different solid cancer types.

From: Angiogenesis and immune checkpoint dual blockade in combination with radiotherapy for treatment of solid cancers: opportunities and challenges

Tumor model

Antiangiogenic therapy

ICB

RT

Immunological effects

Vasculature effects

Key results

Murine Lewis lung carcinoma cells

Anti-VEGF (100 µg on day 0, 3, 6, 9, total 400 µg)

Anti-PD-L1 (100 µg on day 1, 4, 7, 10, total 400 µg)

RT (40 Gy/4 fx on day 1, 2, 3, 4)

RT increased PD-L1 expression on CD8+ T, CD4+ T, dendritic, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and tumor cells, increased PD-1 expression on CD8+ and CD4+ T cells; anti-angiogenic therapy insignificantly decreased the RT-induced PD-1 expression on CD8+ and CD4+ T cells; local accumulation of CD8+ T cells and reduction in MDSCs; increased the proportion of central memory T cells in splenocytes.

Transient vessel collapse was observed within 6 days after RT, and blood flow recovered at 1 week after RT.

Improved survival (p = 0.003)

  1. ICBs immune checkpoint blockades, RT radiotherapy, MDSCs myeloid-derived suppressor cells.