Table 2 Preclinical studies testing triple combinations of anti-angiogenic therapy, immune checkpoint blockades, and radiotherapy among different solid cancer types.
Tumor model | Antiangiogenic therapy | ICB | RT | Immunological effects | Vasculature effects | Key results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Murine Lewis lung carcinoma cells | Anti-VEGF (100 µg on day 0, 3, 6, 9, total 400 µg) | Anti-PD-L1 (100 µg on day 1, 4, 7, 10, total 400 µg) | RT (40 Gy/4 fx on day 1, 2, 3, 4) | RT increased PD-L1 expression on CD8+ T, CD4+ T, dendritic, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and tumor cells, increased PD-1 expression on CD8+ and CD4+ T cells; anti-angiogenic therapy insignificantly decreased the RT-induced PD-1 expression on CD8+ and CD4+ T cells; local accumulation of CD8+ T cells and reduction in MDSCs; increased the proportion of central memory T cells in splenocytes. | Transient vessel collapse was observed within 6 days after RT, and blood flow recovered at 1 week after RT. | Improved survival (p = 0.003) |