Table 1 Distribution of maternal and infant characteristics by delivery mode in the MAASTHI cohort (2016–2019).
From: Delivery mode and altered infant growth at 1 year of life in India
Categories | Total (n = 638) | Vaginal delivery (n = 361) | Emergency C-section (n = 169) | Elective C-section (n = 108) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal characteristics | |||||
Maternal age in years, mean ± SD | 24.13 ± 4.00 | 24 ± 3.86 | 23.64 ± 4.24 | 25.3 ± 3.87 | |
Religion, n (%) | Hindu | 294 (46.08%) | 157 (43.49%) | 84 (49.70%) | 53 (49.07%) |
Islam | 330 (51.72%) | 198 (54.85%) | 81 (47.93%) | 51 (47.22%) | |
Othersa | 14 (2.19%) | 6 (1.66%) | 4 (2.37%) | 4 (3.70%) | |
Socioeconomic status, n (%) | Lower SES | 421 (65.99%) | 251 (69.53%) | 93 (55.03%) | 77 (71.30%) |
Upper SES | 217 (34.01%) | 110 (30.47%) | 76 (44.97%) | 31 (28.70%) | |
Education, n (%) | Illiterate | 16 (2.51%) | 9 (2.49%) | 4 (2.37%) | 3 (2.78%) |
Up to middle school | 425 (66.61%) | 254 (70.36%) | 94 (55.62%) | 77 (71.3%) | |
Above middle schoolb | 197 (30.88%) | 98 (27.15%) | 71 (42.01%) | 28 (25.93%) | |
Parity, n (%) | Nulliparous | 291 (45.61%) | 152 (42.11%) | 124 (73.37%) | 15 (13.89%) |
Primiparous | 284 (44.51%) | 160 (44.32%) | 40 (23.67%) | 84 (77.78%) | |
Multiparous | 63 (9.87%) | 49 (13.57%) | 5 (2.96%) | 9 (8.33%) | |
Gestational diabetes, n (%) | Non-GDM | 542 (84.95%) | 319 (88.37%) | 138 (81.66%) | 85 (78.70%) |
GDM | 96 (15.05%) | 42 (11.63%) | 31 (18.34%) | 23 (21.30%) | |
Prenatal depression (EPDS score), n (%) | ≤13 | 570 (89.34%) | 322 (89.2%) | 151 (89.35%) | 97 (89.81%) |
>13 | 68 (10.66%) | 39 (10.80%) | 18 (10.65%) | 11 (10.19%) | |
Body mass index (BMI), mean ± SD | 24.24 ± 4.20 | 23.68 ± 4.21 | 24.57 ± 3.85 | 25.61 ± 4.38 | |
Adiposity in mm, median (IQR) | 45.1 (35.9, 68.5) | 43.1 (34.4,52.9) | 46.55 (37, 56) | 47.8 (38.45, 56.55) | |
Infant characteristics | |||||
Sex, n (%) | Male | 315 (49.37%) | 175 (48.48%) | 85 (50.30%) | 55 (50.93%) |
Female | 323 (50.63%) | 186 (51.52%) | 84 (49.70%) | 53 (49.07%) | |
Age at 1 year in days, median (IQR) | 394.50 (373.75, 433.00) | 393.00 (373.00, 429.00) | 397.00 (374.00, 437.00) | 393.00 (374.00, 433.5) | |
Birth weight in kg, mean ± SD | 2.75 ± 0.36 | 2.77 ± 0.36 | 2.73 ± 0.34 | 2.71 ± 0.36 | |
Gestational age in weeks, mean ± SD | 38.64 ± 1.49 | 38.7 ± 1.48 | 38.89 ± 1.46 | 38.09 ± 1.44 | |
BMI for age z-score at 1 year, mean ± SD | −0.45 ± 1.53 | −0.64 ± 1.44 | −0.32 ± 1.57 | −0.03 ± 1.67 | |
Length for age z-score at 1 year, mean ± SD | −1.12 ± 1.71 | −1.08 ± 1.59 | −0.94 ± 1.81 | −1.53 ± 1.87 | |
Duration of breastfeeding, n (%) | <6 months | 54 (8.46%) | 33 (9.14%) | 16 (9.47%) | 5 (4.63%) |
≥6 months | 584 (91.54%) | 328 (90.86%) | 153 (90.53%) | 103 (95.37%) | |
