Table 2 Recommended ranges of macronutrient and energy intake according to EFSA for fats, carbohydrates, fiber, and water.

From: Assessment of pregnancy dietary intake and association with maternal and neonatal outcomes

 

Recommended values

Women (%)

 

SIGOL–SIGOU

<SIGOL

≥SIGOL and ≤SIGOU

>SIGOU

Energy

1800–2400 kcal/day

150 (29.8)

216 (43)

137 (27.2)

 

EFSAL–EFSAU

<EFSAL

≥EFSAL and ≤EFSAU

>EFSAU

Protein

12–20% EI

42 (8.3)

450 (89.5)

11 (2.2)

Fat

20–35% EI

0 (0)

185 (36.7)

318 (63.2)

Carbohydrates

45–60% EI

159 (31.6)

334 (66.4)

10 (1.9)

 

EFSA

<EFSA

>EFSA

Fiber

25 g

320 (63.6)

183 (36.4)

Water

2300 mL

493 (98.1)

10 (1.9)

  1. Protein range is obtained by a massive EFSA European survey.12 For energy, the SIGO recommended range was used. Table reports the distribution of the study population in these intervals. EFSAL: minimum value of the interval referred to EFSA ranges; EFSAU: maximum value of the interval referred to EFSA ranges.12 SIGOL: minimum value of the interval referred to SIGO guidelines; SIGOU: maximum value of the interval referred to SIGO guidelines.24