Table 3 Multivariate analysis to examine the association between total societal costs at 5 years of age and gestational age at birth (generalised linear model); gestational age presented in two categories (€, 2016 prices).

Gestational age (ref. 28–31 weeks)

extremely preterm (22–27 weeks)

−1175.41

2213.02**

−536.64

967.53***

−59.06

1004.04**

66.10

4723.60*

1763.38***

5784.87***

1866.26

(617.90)

(849.17)

(394.72)

(219.40)

(733.48)

(379.66)

(360.87)

(1850.20)

(483.18)

(1554.24)

(1321.00)

SGA (ref >10th centile)

≤10th centile

3358.42**

117.32

−123.15

285.67

1003.79

−47.89

494.65

−1569.73

1579.45***

1414.83

1372.68

(1294.46)

(627.21)

(361.43)

(164.41)

(613.87)

(276.11)

(396.86)

(1515.57)

(410.62)

(1205.84)

(1397.27)

BPD (ref: none)

Yes

3466.09

−1033.35

−313.68

936.12**

4872.83*

2772.25**

329.78

6161.45*

910.73

−1535.90

−494.35

(1827.91)

(672.04)

(529.24)

(319.98)

(2303.47)

(928.19)

(437.65)

(2846.83)

(597.60)

(1137.82)

(1393.71)

Severe congenital anomalies (ref: none)

Yes

20,706.97

−1937.11***

2293.96

400.48

2809.61

5602.29***

167.95

6127.73***

−587.17

−1640.43

7014.01

(14,772.26)

(480.04)

(1948.65)

(305.64)

(1835.50)

(1449.55)

(529.63)

(1844.88)

(540.26)

(1297.84)

(3710.12)

Any morbidity (ref: none)

Yes

2641.16

2868.84

794.83

506.01

3334.91

3056.29***

−501.63

5033.25**

3299.61***

9950.68***

14025.99*

(1808.76)

(2741.21)

(768.57)

(375.98)

(1937.52)

(755.07)

(393.79)

(1808.53)

(937.88)

(2704.98)

(6514.29)

Sex (ref: female)

Male

382.69

2978.37**

1290.53***

504.64***

736.63

497.81

1765.72***

3977.92**

1013.32***

7180.26***

220.76

(512.83)

(915.96)

(342.57)

(140.35)

(592.99)

(260.89)

(430.14)

(1364.79)

(303.01)

(1185.80)

(1039.24)

One or both parents unemployed (ref: employed)

Unemployed

14,432.55

10,734.50

2423.82

−470.35**

−43.10

−1068.57**

−882.83*

−3656.24

3995.06***

976.20

6819.47

(14,244.35)

(10,729.84)

(1409.20)

(159.83)

(3179.03)

(326.04)

(402.09)

(1969.21)

(851.86)

(2103.27)

(7394.32)

Maternal education (ref: higher education)

High school or less

−897.93

1117.39

−73.61

−251.69

1218.37*

1711.91***

628.66*

−2620.07

390.22

−576.10

4227.19**

(560.78)

(685.33)

(349.12)

(158.78)

(604.74)

(275.68)

(275.02)

(1574.33)

(294.14)

(1000.55)

(1447.61)

Country of birth for mothers (ref: native)

European born

−2654.23***

2551.86

5242.38

1593.64

−996.01

−158.98

−1603.83***

−1701.30***

−1736.61

(546.51)

(3271.53)

(7656.64)

(1014.58)

(712.32)

(371.94)

(415.99)

(349.96)

(1547.48)

Non-European born

−2338.90***

−1440.20

−112.63

2146.35

−649.65

−1053.81***

−167.04

−5227.31***

−3277.42**

(686.74)

(976.38)

(146.82)

(1892.65)

(421.22)

(315.16)

(534.79)

(796.11)

(1030.97)

Maternal age (ref. 25–34)

<25

−1916.05***

-410.85

−830.70*

301.03

1408.48

−1157.65***

6368.88*

3064.41

−193.89

11582.96***

−4047.43***

(539.59)

(562.48)

(415.56)

(241.53)

(1528.82)

(232.47)

(3011.20)

(1799.24)

(500.63)

(3127.62)

(939.58)

>34

2511.61

2874.28*

−310.69

88.78

907.71

1690.84***

105.19

7080.21**

−451.09

3016.95**

537.82

(1439.87)

(1143.14)

(403.20)

(176.96)

(797.51)

(333.83)

(260.27)

(2317.43)

(319.88)

(1047.54)

(1165.99)

First child (ref: not the first child)

−28.85

166.84

71.66

−30.17

1350.67*

−210.54

−1171.82

950.62

570.08*

−6508.81***

1536.53

(512.54)

(613.82)

(327.69)

(141.60)

(587.24)

(292.08)

(640.74)

(1486.52)

(283.13)

(1471.91)

(1108.16)

Multiple (ref: singleton)

Twins

−753.33

−1253.49

−550.47

−231.87

442.82

−1347.15***

−573.35

3906.34*

−271.95

-4395.66***

−1919.01*

(505.37)

(752.89)

(409.75)

(139.43)

(764.40)

(248.84)

(306.23)

(1738.78)

(324.70)

(758.52)

(931.50)

Triplets or quadruplets

−1865.22*

−1534.42***

740.97

−432.34

39.90

−1323.68*

−1824.70

37.38

−4383.36***

680.42

(788.76)

(250.53)

(1009.24)

(974.63)

(701.51)

(526.42)

(5691.99)

(1085.50)

(972.75)

(3600.21)