Table 3 Association of Intellectual disability with craniofacial anomalies (comparison group: comparison cohort).

From: Association between craniofacial anomalies, intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder: Western Australian population-based study

 

Unadjusted PR (95% CI)

Adjusteda PR (95% CI)

All ID

Mild/moderate ID

Severe ID

All ID

Mild/moderate ID

Severe ID

Craniofacial anomalies

5.64 (4.76, 6.69)

5.47 (4.53, 6.61)

11.31 (7.01, 18.24)

5.27 (4.44, 6.25)

5.13 (4.24, 6.19)

10.62 (6.59, 17.12)

   Non-syndromic

1.50 (0.97,2.31)

1.72 (1.11, 2.65)

—

1.41 (0.92, 2.19)

1.62 (1.05, 2.51)

—

   Syndromic

12.24 (10.28, 14.57)

11.72 (9.61, 14.30)

32.72 (20.42, 52.43)

11.22 (9.40, 13.40)

10.78 (8.82, 13.17)

30.69 (19.17, 49.14)

Contributing diagnosis

Orofacial clefts

5.18 (4.20, 6.39)

5.10 (4.06, 6.43)

10.09 (5.58, 18.24)

4.79 (3.88, 5.92)

4.73 (3.76, 5.96)

9.47 (5.24, 17.11)

   Non-syndromic

1.59 (0.98, 2.57)

1.82 (1.12, 2.95)

—

1.49 (0.92, 2.42)

1.69 (1.04, 2.75)

—

   Syndromic

11.76 (9.44, 14.66)

11.37 (8.87, 14.58)

31.83 (17.76, 57.05)

10.64 (8.51, 13.31)

10.35 (8.04,13.31)

29.83 (16.64, 53.48)

Craniosynostosis

6.36 (4.54, 8.92)

5.96 (4.06, 8.73)

12.26 (4.62, 32.50)

6.09 (4.33, 8.58)

5.72 (3.90, 8.41)

11.49 (4.33, 30.49)

   Non-syndromic

1.27 (0.48, 3.36)

1.46 (0.55, 3.85)

—

1.24 (0.47, 3.27)

1.43 (0.54, 3.77)

—

   Syndromic

16.48 (11.89, 22.84)

15.53 (10.57, 22.81)

43.60 (16.78, 113.26)

15.66 (10.97, 21.51)

14.39 (9.75, 21.24)

39.94 (15.41, 103.54)

Craniofacial microsomia

8.45 (4.76, 15.00)

7. 97 (4.16, 15.28)

25.02 (6.39, 97.97)

8.05 (4.61, 14.07)

7.58 (4.05, 14.20)

24.11 (6.16, 94.37)

  1. PR prevalence ratio, ID intellectual disability, CI confidence interval.
  2. aAdjusted for sex, mother’s age, race, socioeconomic disadvantage, remoteness, parity, plurality, birth weight and gestational age.
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