Abstract
Background
Children 10–20 years old in the US have suboptimal hydration status. Hydration is best assessed using an objective marker, such as urine specific gravity (USG) from a 24-h urine collection. There are limited studies associating hydration from an objective marker with intake assessed from 24-h recalls in children. The objective of the study was to evaluate which foods or beverages are significantly associated with an objective marker of hydration (USG) in a sample of children and adolescents.
Methods
Intake was assessed from three 24-h dietary recalls and analyzed using the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR). Hydration status was objectively measured using USG via 24-h urine collection. Associations were assessed with logistic regressions.
Results
A total of 68 children and adolescents were recruited (50% females). Average overall USG score was 1.020 ± 0.011 uG with 39.7% categorized as dehydrated. After adjusting for age and sex, fruit juice (1.009, 95% CI: 1.001, 1.018) and all beverages (1.001, 95% CI: 1.000, 1.002) were significantly associated with higher odds of being euhydrated.
Conclusions
The main predictors of hydration were fruit juice and all beverages intake. Future research should be conducted to explore differences in dietary patterns in a larger, more generalizable sample.
Impact
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Findings showed that the main predictors of hydration were water and fruit juice intake in children and water intake in adolescents in southern Florida.
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This is the first study to examine which type of beverages and foods are associated with USG, an objective marker of hydration status, in US children and adolescents.
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Provides further insight into the use of objective markers to assess hydration status, while providing data to assist epidemiological studies that may have limited resources to examine beverages and foods that contribute to hydration.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Julia Leone from the Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Stempel School of Public Health, at Florida International University for their contribution in the data collection.
Funding
This study was funded in part by the National Institutes of Health (Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD), grant number 1R01HD098589-01.
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P.C. and C.P. facilitated and conducted the study, wrote the manuscript. M.A.T.F., R.G., and P.C. collected all questionnaires, biospecimens, and anthropometrics. C.P.: project oversight and was responsible for the final content of the manuscript; and all authors critically reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version.
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Clayton, P., Trak-Fellermeier, M.A., Macchi, A. et al. The association between hydration status and total fluid intake in healthy children and adolescents. Pediatr Res 94, 796–802 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-023-02506-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-023-02506-4
