Table 2 Demographic characteristics of study participants categorized by infant feeding practices.
Background characteristic | Formula-fed | Mixed-fed | Exclusively breastfed |
|---|---|---|---|
(n = 650) | (n = 9455) | (n = 2969) | |
Child characteristics | |||
Sex, n (%) | |||
Male | 331 (50.9) | 4808 (50.9) | 1473 (49.6) |
Female | 319 (49.1) | 4647 (49.2) | 1496 (50.4) |
Birth weight, n (%) | |||
2500–4000 g | 563 (86.6) | 8510 (90.0) | 2801 (94.3) |
<2500 g | 83 (12.8) | 851 (9.0) | 139 (4.7) |
≥4000 g | 4 (0.6) | 139 (4.7) | 127 (1.0) |
Weight for gestational age, n (%) | |||
Appropriate for gestational age | 505 (79.0) | 7510 (80.3) | 2436 (82.9) |
Small for gestational age | 63 (9.9) | 773 (8.3) | 174 (5.9) |
Large for gestational age | 71 (11.1) | 1065 (11.4) | 330 (11.2) |
Gestation time, n (%) | |||
Term birth | 600 (92.3) | 8968 (94.9) | 2902 (97.7) |
Preterm birth | 50 (7.7) | 487 (5.2) | 67 (2.3) |
Delivery, n (%) | |||
Singleton birth | 33 (5.1) | 229 (2.4) | 263 (2.0) |
Multiple birth | 617 (94.9) | 9226 (97.6) | 12811 (98.0) |
Prepubertal BMI, mean (SD) | 15.46 (1.55) | 15.38 (1.42) | 15.41 (1.37) |
Maternal characteristics | |||
Age at delivery, n (%) | |||
<25 years | 50 (7.7) | 672 (7.1) | 163 (5.5) |
25–35 years | 455 (70.0) | 7313 (77.4) | 2377 (80.1) |
≥35 years | 145 (22.3) | 1470 (15.6) | 429 (14.5) |
Smoking habit, n (%) | |||
None | 542 (83.4) | 8395 (88.8) | 2812 (94.7) |
<10/day | 23 (3.5) | 325 (3.4) | 68 (2.3) |
≥10/day | 81 (12.5) | 700 (7.4) | 84 (2.8) |
N/A | 4 (0.6) | 35 (0.4) | 5 (0.2) |
Educational level, n (%) | |||
University or higher | 52 (8.0) | 1630 (17.2) | 629 (21.2) |
Junior college or vocational school | 233 (35.9) | 4246 (44.9) | 1419 (47.8) |
High school | 314 (48.3) | 3242 (34.3) | 863 (29.1) |
Junior high school or others | 41 (6.3) | 252 (2.7) | 35 (1.2) |
N/A | 10 (1.5) | 85 (0.9) | 23 (0.8) |
Residential area, n (%) | |||
Ward | 118 (18.2) | 2079 (22.0) | 669 (21.9) |
City | 397 (61.1) | 5694 (60.2) | 1764 (59.4) |
Town or village | 135 (20.8) | 1682 (17.8) | 536 (18.1) |
Age at peak height velocity, male mean (SD) | 12.63 (0.91) | 12.72 (0.90) | 12.76 (0.90) |
Age at peak height velocity, female mean (SD) | 10.70 (0.79) | 10.82 (0.80) | 10.89 (0.82) |
